Notes on arrays

To signify absence of information oid fo // function fo does not return a value void *pv; // pointer to object of unknown type enumeration (enum): To represent specific set of values. Named integer constants can be defined as members of an enumeration. enum keyword {ASM, AUTO, BREAK}; keyword key; 2 Derived Data Types Address Types References Pointers Powerful, but difficult to master Simulate pass-by-reference Close relationship with arrays and strings Aggregate Types Arrays and strings Structures and Unions 3Reference is another name (alias) for a variable It is a pointer but a constant one – once declared it cannot be made alias of another variable A reference declaration must have initialization and it can be initialized toa variable, not a literal constant. A variable can have several references (aliases) – all references hold the same address Reference is not a separate variable like a pointer – it does not occupy space in memory 4 ? References All operatio ns supposedly performed on he alias (i. . , the reference) are actually performed on the original variable Example int count = int &cRef = count; Increments count through alias cRef 5 ? References (example) // Reference Types: Example // References must be initialized. #include using std::cout; using std::endl; 7 8 9 int main() intx=3; Creating a reference as an alias to another variable in the function.

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 19. Baseball

As I pounced on Bella I brought her into my arms and held her there securely while flying through the room at a ferocious velocity. When we collided with the couch it went flying across the room until it settled against the wall with a large crashing blast. She was breathing in large heavy gasps of air and her heart was drumming madly. She tried to move out of my protective arms and I refused. I moved her closer into my embrace letting her warm my body. She eyed me suspiciously and a playful grin spread across my face without my permission. It was just something I did naturally when I was around her. â€Å"You were saying?† I pretended to growl. â€Å"That you are a very, very terrifying monster,† her voice was sagging with sarcasm under her heavy panting. â€Å"Much better,† I agreed. She looked up at me, still a little jarred by my sudden movement, â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she paused and continued to struggle, â€Å"Can I get up now?† she asked. â€Å"What the hell was that noise?† Jasper asked Alice. â€Å"Ha-ha. Edward is wrestling with Bella.† Alice answered cheerily. Oh my, Jasper began thinking, but his thoughts turned frenzied. I began laughing at Bella and Jaspers now frantic thoughts. â€Å"Can we come in?† Alice asked from the hall. Bella continued to struggle in my arms but I refused to let her go. I repositioned her so she was on my lap. I could feel the warmth of Bella's blood as it raced up her cheeks when she realized that Alice and Jasper were in the door way. â€Å"Go ahead,† I barked a laugh. How can he get that close to her? It seriously blows my mind, Jasper was panicking mentally. Jasper had a strong belief that being this close to a human was impossible without feeding. His belief was now being thrown out the window. Alice's thoughts were just a humming of approval. She was radiating with glee as she moved fluidly into the room, dropping to the ground and crossing her legs with a gleaming smile across her face. Jasper continued to stay in the door way. His thoughts were still fanatically stunned. â€Å"It sounded like you were having Bella for lunch, and we came to see if you would share,† Alice said while she failed extravagantly at trying to suppress laughter. Bella stiffened like a board in my arms but met her gaze unflinchingly and I couldn't help but grin at both of them. When Bella saw my face she relaxed. I looked at Alice and answered back playfully, â€Å"Sorry, I don't believe I have enough to spare.† I tightened my arms around her. Her heart was still humming quickly and her blush was still pronounced on her cheeks. Jasper finally got his thoughts out of a tangle as the mood of the room finally hit him. Wow, I've never felt Edward feel so†¦happy†¦and†¦in love. A smile spread across Jaspers face automatically at the cheerfulness in the room. â€Å"Actually, Alice says there's going to be a real storm tonight, and Emmett wants to play ball. Are you game?† he asked while walking into the room. Playing ball did sound fun. I knew Emmett would be thoroughly pissed if I didn't show up this time. I remembered the vampires that are visiting in the area and without thinking about it I looked at Bella and realized I would never leave her for a moment with those creatures at large. Before I could respond Alice chimed in, â€Å"Of course you should bring Bella.† What? Jasper looked mildly surprised and sent Alice a quick look but turned back so quickly I wasn't sure if Bella caught it. Once again I had to remind myself that it was always her choice, â€Å"Do you want to go?† I asked as excitement burst through me. She looked at me and without hesitating she said, â€Å"Sure. Um, where are we going?† This is going to be so much fun! Alice's thoughts flitted through my mind. I can't believe this. Oh well this should be†¦interesting. Jasper thought while curiosity was willing inside him. â€Å"We have to wait for thunder to play ball ?C you'll see why,† I smiled at her. A sign of nervousness was evident on her face when she bit her lower lip. She didn't realize she was doing it when she looked at me and asked anxiously, â€Å"Will Ineed an umbrella?† We all started laughing but I was relieved because I was finally aware of what her sudden apprehension was. â€Å"Will she?† Jasper asked with a most peculiar expression. â€Å"No. The storm will hit over town. It should be dry enough in the clearing.† Alice said while the vision of the clearing ran through her head. Jasper was so full of happiness and joyfulness from the situation happening in the room that he couldn't contain his smile, â€Å"Good, then,† he exclaimed. Being around Alice was always a little strange because I was constantly seeing the future. This time it was just the coming minutes going through her mind. I saw her going to Carlisle and asking about playing ball. â€Å"Let's go see if Carlisle will come,† Alice jumped off the ground and headed toward the door with a wink in Jaspers direction. â€Å"Like you don't know,† Jasper teased. Jasper closed the door behind him, Have fun bro. Bella turned in my lap, her heart fluttering at our closeness, â€Å"What will we be playing?† she wondered. I laughed at the thought of letting her hold a bat, or worse, letting her try to hit a ball with a bat. â€Å"You will be watching,† I clarified, â€Å"We will be playing baseball,† I explained. She rolled her eyes at me, â€Å"Vampires like baseball?† she asked in disbelief. â€Å"It's the American pastime,† I said in mock seriousness. Some very annoying sound was in my ear. I was driving down Bella's street when little droplets of rain began splattering onto the windshield. That was not what was bothering me. Billy Black was waiting for Charlie in his driveway so he could tattle tale like a little kid on Bella's new found relationship with me. â€Å"Damn Quileute legends,† I muttered so low that Bella couldn't hear me. Jacob and his father were taking shelter on Bella's front porch and I was instantly tense. Can't she tell there is something wrong with that kid? His cold white skin, his aversion to the sun†¦I will settle this though. Charlie will listen to me and force her to stop seeing the Cullen kid. Billy Black thought with a sneer and a curse in each thought with my name. Charlie isn't even here, why are we waiting here in the rain like idiots? Jacob thought until he saw Bella, Oh, well†¦maybe this wasn't a wasted trip after all. I had heard enough. The thoughts radiating off of them were about to drive me to let the monster free. I couldn't let that happen when Bella was around. â€Å"This is crossing the line,† I said vehemently. Bella's eyes found mine and they were worried. â€Å"He came to warn Charlie?† she asked horrified. I gave her a grave look and nodded. I turned toward Billy then and I was seeing red. My eyes were narrowed into tiny slits. I can just get out of the car and scare them off. Or maybe I could†¦ â€Å"Let me deal with this,† Bella interrupted my internal rage. I didn't want to let her leave my side. To think of the things she was going to hear from Billy's mouth. His thoughts continued to get snippier and nastier each time he glared in my direction. I knew if I left the vehicle now and released my anger that I would lose Bella, so I quickly agreed, â€Å"That's probably best. Be careful, though. The child has no idea.† â€Å"Jacob is not that much younger than I am,† she reminded me crisply. I turned my gaze on her because she pulled me from my anger. She always knew exactly what to say to calm my nerves and bring me back to earth. I grinned at her, â€Å"Oh, I know,† I assured her. She looked exasperated. She reached for the door handle and sighed. I needed to leave here before my temper came back. What the hell are they doing? What is taking so long? Billy thought angrily. â€Å"Get them inside so I can leave. I'll be back around dusk,† I commanded. Her eyes met mine again, â€Å"Do you want my truck?† she asked. Hasn't she learned better by now? I rolled my eyes, â€Å"I could walk home faster than this truck moves.† A sad look entered her eyes, â€Å"You don't have to leave,† she said longingly. She had no idea how difficult it was for me to leave while there were vampires lurking in the vicinity and the Blacks were here to cause trouble. I looked at her expression realizing she didn't want me to leave just as much as I didn't want to leave her. â€Å"Actually, I do. After you get rid of them,† I glared in the Blacks direction, â€Å"you still have to prepare Charlie to meet your new boyfriend,† a smile spread across my face. She groaned loudly, â€Å"Thanks a lot.† Her face was so adorable when she was upset or angry. I couldn't help but smile at her. â€Å"I'll be back soon,† I promised. If she doesn't exit that truck in one minute I am going to go over there and make sure she is okay, Billy swelled ominously. I turned my glare back in the direction of the porch at the last thought. I wanted to taunt Billy just a little bit and Jacob too. I leaned down and slowly brought my lips to Bella's jaw. I kissed lightly and her heart jumped up in her chest. Her blood was pulsing quickly and the scent made me go wild. The kiss was all flames and electricity down my throat. When I moved away from her, she looked towards the porch and could see the same thing I could. Billy had a death grip on his wheel chair and his thoughts were in frantic disarray. Oh, how†¦ oh, goodness. I†¦ Well†¦disgusting! Billy's thoughts were choked. Bella realized how panicked Billy was now and she was suddenly in a rush, â€Å"Soon,† she ordered while opening the door to the truck and stepping out into the rain. When the rain droplets ran down her face I could see them evaporate while the wind blew her rainy scent in my direction. I gripped her steering wheel so tightly I almost broke it off. She shut the door quickly and ran to the porch for protection from the rain. I decided to keep my attention on the Blacks and not on the way Bella's scent was covered in a delicious sweetness. â€Å"Hey, Billy. Hi, Jacob,† Bella greeted them in a incredibly false pleased voice, â€Å"Charlie's gone for the day ?C I hope you haven't been waiting long.† Right, right, I don't believe she is worried about our wait at all. Billy thought with disappointment etched in every sagging line of his face. â€Å"Not long,† Billy replied dully, â€Å"I just wanted to bring this up,† he pointed to a brown paper sack in his lap. I wonder when Charlie will be home. I still can't believe what I saw in her truck. Billy thoughts continued to curse me. â€Å"Thanks,† Bella responded in a confused voice, â€Å"Why don't you come in for a minute and dry off?† she offered. She doesn't seem scared or nervous†¦not at all like she was just with a vampire. Billy was alight with a feverous fanatical burn. Bella opened the door and showed them in. Before the door was shut I was out of the truck and pelting through the woods. Each step dragged as I was contemplating going back and scoping up Bella and running for it. The only reason I didn't was because Billy was right about everything. She shouldn't be with me. She should realize the appalling creature that I am and run away screaming. But she didn't; she continued to pull herself ever closer to me and I allowed it. I embraced her and wanted her in my arms. The love I was feeling for her was overwhelming. If anything were to happen to her†¦ I stopped running in the forest to take several unneeded deep breaths. When the fear and anxiety finally dulled I swiftly made my way back home. For the first time in ages Alice wasn't waiting for me at the porch steps; Emmett was. â€Å"Hey! I heard that you and Bella are coming out to play ball tonight!† Emmett laughed loudly while his face twisted with glee. â€Å"No, Bella will not be playing,† I said with a grim smile. â€Å"Oh, damn it. I was hoping to see Bella with a bat in her hand,† Emmett smiled sinisterly. â€Å"Please, like I would place a bat in her hands!† Yeah, yeah I get it. You just don't understand how funny it is when she does something human, Emmett chortled a wild little laugh as he walked into the house. Alice walked over the threshold then, You know this is going to be a good game. There will be a tie breaker. Do you remember what happened last time between Jasper and Emmett? Esme is going to have to come up with a better idea for tie breaking. I smiled at her, â€Å"So are you pitching?† Of course, you can't let Carlisle do it; he's just not that good at pitching. Alice thought. We were both silent for a few seconds and I could tell what topic of conversation Alice really wanted to cover, â€Å"Go ahead, ask me,† I suggested. When can I take Bella shopping? Please let me take her soon! Have you seen the dreadful attire she was wearing? Just wait until you see what she is wearing tonight. Ugh! Alice pouted. â€Å"We'll see,† I replied. Fine, okay†¦ Want to throw the ball around? Alice asked, bored. â€Å"Sure.† Alice flew through the house, grabbed a baseball and flew to the backyard. I was already waiting for her. We threw the ball back and forth for several minutes until Jasper and Emmett came outside to join us. Emmett and Jasper decided that throwing the ball back and forth was ‘boring' and needed some spice. They began throwing the ball as far as they could to see who would be the first to not catch it. This went on for several long minutes. I sat on the grass watching the sun slowly descending behind the trees. I got up in a hurry to pick Bella up. Take Emmett's Jeep. Trust me. Alice sent a vision of us running through the forest, She would appreciate it if part of the way there wasn't on your back, she giggled. â€Å"Hey, Emmett, I'm taking your jeep,† I informed him. â€Å"Okay, bring it back in one piece, oh, and you better help Bella get into the Jeep. I wouldn't want to see her get hurt trying to get in it,† Emmett's bellowing laugh echoed and reverberated off of the trees. â€Å"Funny,† I muttered. I could hear Charlie and Bella's conversation from a mile down the road. I caught the very end of it. Bella had informed Charlie that we were going on a date and Charlie was having a hard time comprehending the match. â€Å"Where is he taking you?† he asked protectively. I could hear Bella groan loudly, â€Å"I hope you're getting the Spanish Inquisition out of your system now. We're going to play baseball with his family,† she explained. Baseball? Hum, maybe I had things all wrong with this Edward kid, Charlie mumbled in his thoughts, But, Bella, playing ball? A loud chuckle erupted from him. â€Å"You're playing baseball?† he asked in disbelief. I was extremely pleased that she finally told Charlie the truth about our plans. â€Å"Well, I'll probably watch most of the time,† she responded. All of the time, I amended in my mind. â€Å"You must really like this guy,† Charlie observed suspiciously. I heard Bella sigh as I parked in the driveway. I heard the water going in the kitchen. â€Å"Leave the dishes, I can do them tonight. You baby me too much,† said Charlie. I promptly made my way to the front door and lightly pressed the door bell. Bells began ringing throughout the house. I heard Charlie's footsteps followed by Bella's coming towards the door. He opened the door swiftly sending their scent flying out into the rain. Every particle of air around me began soaking up Bella's scent instantly. Charlie's scent could have been non-existent compared to hers. I could almost catch her taste on the saturated air. â€Å"Come on in, Edward,† Charlie greeted me. Bella exhaled a large gust of air sending another tantalizing scent ripping down my throat and sending my stomach into knots at the fragrance. â€Å"Thanks, Chief Swan,† I replied respectfully. â€Å"Go ahead and call me Charlie. Here, I'll take your jacket,† he reached for it. I pulled it off quickly and replied, â€Å"Thanks, sir,† before handing it over. â€Å"Have a seat there, Edward,† he ordered while pointing to the seat. I saw Bella's face in my peripheral vision and she looked like she was going to be sick with anxiety. I sat down in the only chair. Bella and Charlie sat on the sofa. Bella glared at me with her arms folded around her stomach. Her kittenish out-rage was comical at best and so I winked when Charlie's back was turned. Her cheeks turned bright pink – in horror or embarrassment I wasn't sure. â€Å"So I hear you're getting my girl to watch baseball,† Charlie mused. â€Å"Yes, sir, that's the plan,† I answered courteously. â€Å"Well, more power to you, I guess,† he said incredulously and we both broke into hooting laughs. Blood had boiled to the surface of Bella's face and rage flowed out of her mouth. She stood up, â€Å"Okay. Enough humor at my expense. Let's go,† she ordered. I waited for Charlie to stand up and then followed him. We met Bella in the hall while she angrily pulled her jacket over her flannel shirt. I don't care what Alice said, the flannel looks pleasant on her. When she flipped her hair it sent a wave of her bouquet my direction and I inhaled deeply at the pleasurable pain that was echoing in my throat. â€Å"Not too late, Bell,† Charlie instructed. â€Å"Don't worry, Charlie, I'll have her home early,† I promised. What he didn't know was that I would be staying the night in his daughter's room†¦again. Holding her tightly against my body and tracing every line of her face, arms, and shoulders. I imagined her trembling under my touch when Charlie finally distracted me. â€Å"You take care of my girl, all right?† Charlie ordered and I could hear the mental humming of his love for his only daughter spilling from his mind in large waves crashing into me all at once. I wondered briefly if this is what Jasper felt like when he absorbed someone's mood. Bella groaned again but we both ignored her. â€Å"She'll be safe with me, I promise, sir.† There was no doubt that she would always be safe with me, that I would never let any harm come to her. Charlie's thoughts became muffled like they did at times but I could still tell that he believed me. I grabbed my jacket and watched Bella walk angrily down the hall. Bella, still in her kittenish rage, turned to look at me and then marched out of the house. Charlie and I both laughed and I followed her. When she reached the porch her jaw almost dropped to the ground when she caught sight of the Jeep. Charlie came into view of the Jeep too and whistled. â€Å"Wear your seat belts,† he stammered. Bella finally got her act together after taking in the whole jeep. Her eyes had roamed from the monster tires to the metal guards over the headlights and the crash bar. She stalked forward and I followed her, opening the passenger side door. I saw her look at the ground and then at the seat while her eyes slightly popped. She crouched like she was about to spring up into the seat. I sighed remembering Emmetts taunts and I carefully grabbed her around the waist and lifted her into the Jeep with one hand. It was pouring down rain and her scent was teasing me by swirling around my nose and deep in my lungs as I inhaled. I walked around to the front of the Jeep while watching Bella struggle with the seat belt. I suppressed a chuckle. I opened the driver's side door and she looked at me confused, â€Å"What's all this?† she asked pointing to the buckles. â€Å"It's an off-roading harness.† â€Å"Oh-oh,† she looked nervous. I watched her struggle some more, delighting in the blood flushing her face at her frustration. She wasn't going to give up the fight and I finally sighed, reaching over her to help. I brought the seat belt over her neck caressing her lightly and brought my finger tips across her collarbone. Her hands went limp in her lap and her heart was like a humming bird's wings. She began breathing heavily. The scent of her breath hit me like a ton of bricks, sweet and delicious. I pulled away once she was buckled. I did enjoy dazzeling her. I turned the key in the ignition and the engine roared the life. Bella was looking rather nervous. â€Å"This is a†¦um†¦big Jeep you have.† â€Å"It's Emmett's,† I informed her, â€Å"I didn't think you'd want to run the whole way.† She was still breathless, â€Å"Where do you keep this thing?† â€Å"We remodeled one of the outbuildings into a garage,† I explained. She looked at me with one eyebrow raised, â€Å"Aren't you going to put on your seat belt?† I threw her a disbelieving look. She was being ridiculous. She continued to stare at me and her look suddenly became horror struck, â€Å"Run the whole way? As in, we're still going to run part of the way?† her voice rose a few intervals. I tried to prevent a grin from spreading across my face but it was a hopeless attempt. My lips turned up at the corners no matter how hard I tried to suppress it, â€Å"You're not going to run.† â€Å"I'm going to be sick,† she pulled her lips together tightly like she was preventing herself from getting sick right then. Again, I tried to prevent a smile from appearing and yet there it was. â€Å"Keep your eyes closed, you'll be fine.† With her normal nervous gesture she began biting at her lower lip. When she did this it always made me a little anxious that she might hurt herself, but she never did. I watched her carefully as the panic was racing through her veins. Her pulse was hammering and her breath was heavy on the air. Her hair was slightly wet from the rain and I couldn't help it – I brought my nose to her head and kissed her hair. A groan came out of my throat without my permission. I pulled away and she gave me a questioning look. â€Å"You smell so good in the rain,† I explained. I took more air into my lungs, a whirl wind of her warm scent swirled into them. I held it there for a second before exhaling and doing it all over again; reveling in her aroma. â€Å"In a good way or a bad way?† she gave me a furtive look. I sighed, â€Å"Both, always both.† Once our journey took us off the paved road and into the forest conversation became impossible for Bella because she was bouncing up and down. I swear I could see her eyes rattling around. I couldn't help but smile at her look. It was hilarious and no matter how hard I tried to hide my smile, it was brilliant and brightly plastered across my face. The end of the path loomed into view and we could no longer drive any farther. I stopped the Jeep turning the key as the engine became silent. â€Å"Sorry, Bella, we have to go on foot from here,† I explained. â€Å"You know what? I'll just wait here,† she answered sarcastically. â€Å"What happened to all your courage?† I asked with a smile, â€Å"You were extraordinary this morning.† Her face started draining of all color, â€Å"I haven't forgotten last time yet.† I wrenched the door open and hopped out of the Jeep and in less than a second I was on her side of the Jeep unbuckling her seat belt. She stared at me indignantly. â€Å"I'll get those, you go on ahead,† she protested. I finally unbuckled all of the straps and decided teasing was the best way to go, â€Å"Hmmm†¦,† I mused, â€Å"It seems I'm going to have to tamper with your memory.† I pulled her into my arms and sat her gently on the ground. â€Å"Tamper with my memory?† she asked anxiously. â€Å"Something like that,† I teased. It was no longer raining and the mist was falling into her hair sending the sweet seductive scent evaporating into every particle of air around us. I took in a generous amount of the air in between us. I decided a distraction was needed so I could get her into the clearing. She was leaning against the Jeep and I took two hasty steps until I trapped her there by placing both of my hands on either side of her. I brought my body ever closer to hers. She backed away slightly but didn't seem to mind my closeness. Her warm body enveloped me as I brought my face ever closer to hers. I wanted to place my lips to hers. I was nervous to see what her reaction would be this time. â€Å"Now,† I breathed, â€Å"what exactly are you worrying about?† â€Å"Well, um, hitting a tree -† she gulped, â€Å"?C and dying. And then getting sick.† I remembered both times when she got sick; at school and after running with me. I couldn't help but smile at the memories but quickly smoothed my face. I moved the few extra inches until her warm breath was now in my mouth. I brought my lips to the hollow at the base of her throat. I kissed lightly moving my nose under her jaw lightly. â€Å"Are you still worried now?† I breathed on her skin making her tremble in pleasure. â€Å"Yes.† her voice quivered in bliss, â€Å"About hitting trees and getting sick.† Apparently I wasn't distracting her enough though I was thoroughly distracted. I was euphoric. I trailed the tip of my nose up her throat and down her jaw line to the tip of her chin. â€Å"And now?† I whispered while breathing in her every breath. â€Å"Trees,† she inhaled, â€Å"Motion sickness.† I brought my lips to her eyes and kissed her eye lids, â€Å"Bella, you don't really think I would hit a tree, do you?† â€Å"No, but I might,† her confidence failing extravagantly. I began my journey to her mouth. I kissed slowly down her cheek letting her skin warm them. I brought my lips to the corner of her mouth. Gently, I let my bottom lip softly brush against hers. â€Å"Would I let a tree hurt you?† My lips were barely touching her. A curious sensation crawled up my throat. With every touch of our lips electricity shot through my body sending a joyous feeling through my veins. Her bottom lip was trembling in absolute pleasure. I took in several generous gulps of her breath. â€Å"No,† she breathed against my lips. â€Å"You see,† I said my lips touching hers as I spoke, â€Å"There's nothing to be afraid of, is there?† â€Å"No,† she sighed and she became limp against the Jeep, giving up. I pulled her face into my hands a little rougher than usual and brought my lips to hers fiercely. Our lips were moving together and we were both panting heavily at the sensations shooting through our bodies. She brought her arms around my neck bringing me closer to her. We embraced frantically while our bodies were welded together. My hands moved eagerly to her back bringing her closer to my chest while bowing her body against mine. She was quivering with delight as her lips parted slightly and she sighed heavily bringing her breath deep in my lungs. Excitement exploded in the pit of my stomach. I let go and staggered back several steps, flustered, realizing this was the only sensible course of action. I couldn't believe I let myself get so out of control. â€Å"Damn it, Bella!† I was gasping, â€Å"You'll be the death of me, I swear you will.† I watched as she leaned forward placing her hands on her knees and panting. â€Å"You're indestructible,† she mumbled while continuing to breathe heavily. I was so angry at myself for letting it get that far. I monster inside me wanted me to lose control and I couldn't let that happen. â€Å"I might have believed that before I met you. Now let's get out of here before I do something really stupid,† I growled. I pulled Bella onto my back while trying to be as gentle as possible. She secured herself to me by wrapping her legs around my waist and pulling her arms around my neck. The warmth rippled down my body. â€Å"Don't forget to close your eyes,† I reminded her. She lodged her face into my shoulder and it sent a jolt of electricity through me. I could feel her warm breath. I broke into a run and her pulse picked up, her heart beating out large palpitations. It only took a matter of minutes before we arrived just outside the clearing where my family was already preparing to play ball. Bella did not move as I stood there waiting for her to let go. I was terrified that she had opened her eyes and fallen sick like before. I reached behind me and ran my fingers through her silky hair gently. â€Å"It's over, Bella,† I said softly. She sighed in relief and she was suddenly no longer wrapped around me. I heard a pulpous noise that was followed by, â€Å"Oh!† I turned around swiftly worried she had hurt herself. I did the smallest of double takes before I saw her expression and the tension finally broke between us. Her face was screwed up in embarrassment. I was trying my hardest to hold in laughter but I was unable to. I barked out a laugh. Her expression had twisted into indignation and chagrin. She pushed herself off the ground while brushing dirt and bracken off of her backside. She turned, muttering silently, and marched off in the wrong direction. A smile was still on my face as I wrapped my arm around her waist. â€Å"Where are you going, Bella?† â€Å"To watch a baseball game. You don't seem to be interested in playing anymore, but I'm sure the others will have fun without you,† she said bitterly. â€Å"You're going the wrong way,† I said coolly. She turned on her heal with a firm and purposeful tread in the opposite direction. I shook my head back and forth at her and grabbed her around the waist a second time. â€Å"Don't be mad, I couldn't help myself. You should have seen your face,† I tried to explain but a chuckle broke through my composure. She looked at me haughtily. â€Å"Oh, you're the only one who's allowed to get mad?† she asked while raising her eyebrows. I paused for a moment and studied her face. â€Å"I wasn't mad at you.† â€Å"‘Bella, you'll be the death of me'?† she quoted crisply. â€Å"That was simply a statement of fact,† I said while still trying to hold in my amusement. She gave me a look of pure abhorrence and turned to stride away again. In a quick motion I pulled her to my chest. I couldn't take it if she left me now. â€Å"You were mad,† she persisted, her face stricken. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But you just said ?C† she began. â€Å"That I wasn't mad at you. Can't you see that, Bella?† I asked patiently. â€Å"Don't you understand?† I felt completely exasperated. She was so sweet, loving†¦fragile; there was nothing she could do to make me upset at her. She pursed her lips. â€Å"See what?† she insisted with a confused expression. â€Å"I'm never angry with you ?C how could I be? Brave, trusting†¦warm as you are,† I explained. â€Å"Then why?† she asked softly. I analyzed her face, trying to read her mind once again. I reached the barrier I always did while trying to probe her mind, the silence persisted. She looked just as confused as ever. I sighed and pulled her delicate face in my cold palms. Her cheeks instantly warmed my whole body. I looked her straight in the eyes. â€Å"I infuriate myself,† I said quietly. â€Å"The way I can't seem to keep from putting you in danger. My very existence puts you at risk. Sometimes I truly hate myself. I should be stronger; I should be able to ?C† She placed her warm palm over my mouth touching my lips softly. â€Å"Don't.† She stared into my eyes, the depth of her eyes were communicating with mine. I put my hand over hers and moved it to my cheek. The warmth radiated off of her skin and deep into my body. I felt the sudden urge to bring our lips together and tell her how much I loved her. The words were exiting my mouth before I made the decision to do so. â€Å"I love you,† I stated. â€Å"It's a poor excuse for what I'm doing, but it's still true.† Her face softened at my words. â€Å"Now, please try to behave yourself,† I pleaded as I slowly bent down and brushed my lips lightly across hers. She didn't move but her heart raced and she parted her lips with a sigh. I inhaled copious amounts of her breath into my lungs letting it send flames down my throat. â€Å"You promised Chief Swan that you would have me home early, remember,† she whispered against my lips. â€Å"We'd better get going.† My insides were twisting in pleasure at our touch but I finally got my act together. â€Å"Yes ma'am,† I replied while continuing to smile. I released all of her but her hand. I showed her the way through the forest. It was only a few feet until we reached the clearing. I was feeling radiant with glee. Esme, Rosalie and Emmett were sitting on a large rock. When they caught sight of us they all three rose. Alice and Jasper were in the distance throwing the ball back and forth and Carlisle was marking bases. Right on time! Alice thought. I'll just hold my breath if she gets too close, Jasper contemplated. I thought I heard them, Esme thought while walking in our direction. Rosalie strode off in the other direction without a single glance behind her. Oh great†¦the human's here, Rosalie sneered, alight with malice. Come on! Jeez, not this again†¦ Emmett stared at the back of Rosalie as she marched away from us. Whatever, I'm not missing this. Emmett followed behind Esme. â€Å"Was that you we heard, Edward?† Esme asked as she approached us. Yeah, that weird gurgling noise. â€Å"It sounded like a bear choking.† Emmett chortled. A small timid smile was on Bella's face. â€Å"That was him.† Oh, I see how it is, I thought internally. â€Å"Bella was being unintentionally funny,† I explained with a wide grin. Alice came running towards us. Five seconds, she thought as she stopped in front of us. â€Å"It's time,† she announced. Lightning flashed through the dark cloudy sky while thunder rippled overhead shaking the ground around us. Bella's eyes grew wide in wonder. Her face is hilarious, Emmett thought. â€Å"Eerie, isn't it?† he winked at Bella hoping for her to make another ‘human' face. â€Å"Let's go.† Alice grabbed Emmett's hand and they speed swiftly away toward the field. I'll take care of her. Go play now, Esme vested. Excitement was flowing in my veins. It had been a long time since I had felt so light and buoyant. â€Å"Are you ready for some ball?† I asked eagerly. Her face showed a mix of awe, bewilderment, and perplexity at the game. She seemed extremely intimidated. â€Å"Go team!† she said enthusiastically. A chuckle came through my lips as I fluffed her hair up in a frenzy and bounded after Alice and Emmett. Another crash of lightning sent a rumble of thunder through the earth at our feet. All the amazing feelings shooting through my body were making me exceedingly intoxicated with bliss. In this moment I felt like I had everything I could ever want. I flew past Alice and Emmett. Show off, Emmett thought. I just chuckled at his expression as I turned to run backwards, stopping in the outfield next to Carlisle. I peered over Emmett's shoulder to see Esme and Bella walking toward the field. â€Å"Same teams?† Carlisle asked. Everyone nodded in agreement. My team members, Carlisle and Alice, left to go to their positions. Carlisle went to stand between first and second base while Alice went to the pitcher's mound. I darted toward the outfield. Edward, you are such a gentleman, Esme commended. I hadn't been paying attention to their conversation and listened to the end of it as they finally reached the outside of the playing field. â€Å"You don't mind, then? That I'm†¦all wrong for him?† Bella asked Esme incredulously. She's not all wrong for me, I'm all wrong for her. I amended internally. â€Å"No.† Esme began. I'd never want to take Bella away from Edward, I just couldn't imagine†¦ â€Å"You're what he wants. It will work out, somehow.† He needs to change her but I know if he never will, Esme was thinking wistfully. The ground shook below us as thunder rumbled overhead. Get ready, Edward! Emmett chortled internally. He was swinging the bat back and forth. He'll miss the first one, Alice snickered. â€Å"All right,† Esme called out. â€Å"Batter up.† Emmett raised his bat, ready to strike. Alice continued to snicker internally as she pictured Emmett missing the first pitch. She brought the ball to her waist. In a swift stealthy move she brought the ball into flight. It flew past Emmett at amazing speeds as Jasper caught it. He's going to hit the next one, Edward. Be prepared, though, there is a ninety-seven percent chance you'll catch it. Alice mused in her mind. Jasper threw the ball back at Alice and she showed her gleaming teeth at him. Damn she is so attractive when she pitches, Jasper thought. I began ignoring Jasper's thoughts quickly after that. I didn't need to be distracted from the game. Alice brought the ball back to her waist. She threw it with great force again and I was prepared. Emmett hit the ball with such strength that the aluminum smashed into the ball making a sound so fierce that it reverberated off the trees. It sounded just like the thunder. I caught a glimpse of Bella before I took off running. Her face looked stunned. The ball suddenly flew toward me at a ferocious velocity. It went whizzing by me at lethal speeds and I was afraid I wouldn't be able to catch it. Bella had distracted me with yet another one of her expressions. I hurtled through the woods, jumping over downed trees, hopping over rocks until I caught up with the ball. I put all my strength into my leap as I jumped and caught the ball while grabbing onto a branch and swinging down to the ground. With immense speed I ran back to the clearing, ball raised high and a smile prominent on my face. â€Å"Out!† Esme yelled to Emmett's disappointment. Don't worry, I'll get you back†¦ he threatened. Bella had a bewildered expression. I heard Esme explaining what happened. â€Å"Emmett hits the hardest, but Edward runs the fastest.† Jasper was next to bat. He already knew that throwing one towards me would be a mistake and was going for a ground ball. He hit the ball and it bounced off the ground. Carlisle caught it and started running to beat Jasper to first base. They collided and sent another thunderous noise through the night's air. Bella was sitting on the grass and jumped up with a look of concern on her face. I laughed harder than ever at her expression. â€Å"Safe.† Esme called out. We continued to play until the other team had three outs. We switched positions and I was at Bella's side in a quick motion that she almost didn't see. â€Å"What do you think?† I asked in excitement. â€Å"One thing's for sure, I'll never be able to sit through dull old Major League Baseball again,† she smiled widely. â€Å"And it sounds like you did so much of that before,† I laughed. The thrill of the game and the desire I felt when I was around Bella had me feeling high. â€Å"I am a little disappointed,† she said teasingly. â€Å"Why?† I asked, perplexed. â€Å"Well,† she grinned, â€Å"it would be nice if I could find just one thing you didn't do better than everyone else on the planet.† She thought I was better than everyone else on the planet. I was soaring. I didn't think anything could remove the smile that seemed to be permanently plastered on my face. I'm going to have to have a talk with her about filling your head with non-sense, Emmett guffawed stupidly. You're oozing love over here. You're up lover boy, Jasper joked. â€Å"I'm up!† I told Bella while heading to the plate. We continued to play for several innings when several things happened simultaneously. I had bent down to get into the catching position, Carlisle had walked up to bat and Alice gasped in horror while she shrieked in alarm in her mind. I brought my eyes to hers as I saw what she was seeing. Terror rose inside me as a large dead weight fell through my chest and into my stomach. Three vampires were running in our direction, curious about playing ball. The next series of visions had me scrambling to Bella's side in terror. Edward, no! Alice thought while her vision continued as one tall vampire caught Bella's scent on the wind and attacked. In her vision Bella didn't die because we prevented him from sucking her dry but she had been bitten. Only a part of a second had passed and I was at Bella's side. Get her out of here now! Alice bellowed from her mind. My brain was in limbo because I saw the other outcomes too. Everyone was saying Alice's name alarmingly in their heads but Esme was the first to break the silence. â€Å"Alice?† she asked, her voice strained. â€Å"I didn't see ?C I couldn't tell,† she mouthed almost soundlessly. I felt Bella tense up as everyone flew rapidly to her side in protection. Bella knew – she had to know. She was always so observant. Everyones thoughts were jumbled in confusion and alarm. Panic burst inside me like poisonous gas. â€Å"What is it, Alice?† Carlisle asked in a business like tone. It's too late, Edward. I'm sorry. â€Å"They were traveling much quicker than I thought. I can see I had the perspective wrong before,† Alice's eyes were blank yet horror struck. They'll have to go through me before they get to Alice, Jasper thought protectively. He moved closer to her. â€Å"What changed?† She looked up at him in absolute horror. I could see how split second decisions were altering her visions. None of them looked promising. â€Å"They heard us playing, and it changed their path,† she explained with pure agony in her voice. It's my fault, she thought feebly. We all looked at Bella and saw that her face was shocked. Her heart drummed madly as she comprehended our words. I saw through seven pairs of eyes Bella's expressions from every angle. Each of their thoughts were ricocheting in my head. Was this the punishment I would suffer for being selfish? Losing her? I cried internally. My heart was screaming in protest. â€Å"How soon?† Carlisle asked me. Alice was in a stunned stupor. I read through each line of her thoughts as they flitted across her mind. â€Å"Less than five minutes. They're running ?C they want to play.† I frowned at him. Take Bella and run! â€Å"Can you make it?† Carlisle asked me nervously. I brought her scent into my lungs. It was just another reminder of how weak and fragile she was. â€Å"No, not carrying ?C† I cut short. â€Å"Besides, the last thing we need is for them to catch the scent and start hunting.† It was one of the many visions that had gone through Alice's mind: Bella being hunted. Each decision we made turned the outcome into something different. Some were more devastating than others. As soon as I decided it I saw the reaction of the vampires. They would hunt ?C we would lose. I couldn't run with her. This isn't good, Carlisle thought. All right, a fight! Emmett exclaimed in his head, completely unperturbed. I glowered at him. He shrugged, I'm sorry. I don't want them to hurt Bella any more than you do. â€Å"How many?† Emmett asked Alice. â€Å"Three,† she clipped in a muffled wail. â€Å"Three!† That will be too easy. â€Å"Let them come.† Emmett scoffed and began flexing his muscles. Everyone's thoughts were in such a frantic state of mind I couldn't listen anymore. They were coming at me from all angles. Bella's name was coming up in every single thought. I began dissolving in misery. It was entirely fault. â€Å"Let's just continue the game,† Carlisle finally decided. â€Å"Alice said they were simply curious.† This is ludicrous! I can't believe this crap†¦all for a human girl. Rosalie muttered reproachfully. Now that the decision is made what is the outcome? Carlisle asked me. I shrugged because there were too many situations where decisions have yet to be made. I knew my face was screwed up in concentration and I knew that worry lines were etched into every crease of my face. I could see myself perfectly in Carlisle's mind as he stared at me. Everyone began walking out onto the field to continue the game. Their minds were somewhere else though. Forest is clear here, Emmett thought. I nodded in his direction. Esme grabbed my arms and pulled me just a few feet away from Bella. The short distance felt like miles. I was so horrified that I had brought her to danger. Anguish was ripping through my body. A knot formed in the pit of my stomach. â€Å"Are they thirsty?† Esme whispered. I shook my head. That's good to hear. Esme was relieved. I headed back to Bella quickly. â€Å"You catch, Esme. I'll call it now.† I stood in front of Bella protectively. I would die to save her if I had to. She didn't deserve any fate but life. My insides were plummeting sickeningly with each aching second before the crimson eyed creatures were to come into view. I won't let anything happen to her, I swear. Alice tried to assure me. She had refused to go back onto the field, staying at Bella's side in a protective stance. I knew that in this moment Alice showed her loyalty to me. The space between her and Jasper made him relatively nervous and he, too, was staying closer to Alice because of the situation. Emmett and Rosalie were staying in the infield. Chaos was filling everyone's minds around me. The wind blew across Bella's neck sending her sultry scent down my lungs. â€Å"Take your hair down,† I commanded. Her face looked positively terrified as she obediently slid her rubber band out of her hair and shook it out. She could tell that eminent danger was around the corner. The smell assaulted my lungs again. â€Å"The others are coming now,† she stated. I knew she could understand. Her knowing mind always amazed me. For a fleeting second I thought about what it would do to me if she were no longer around. Pain ripped through my chest leaving large angry scratches. â€Å"Yes, stay very still, keep quiet, and don't move from my side, please,† I pleaded. The billowing wind blew her scent towards me again. Each time it was a reminder of how easily this could go wrong. The knot in my stomach tightened. I pulled her hair forward and tried to wrap it as closely to her neck as possible. Edward†¦Edward. Edward! Alice was shouting my name from her head but I was too preoccupied to notice. â€Å"That won't help,† she whispered, â€Å"I could smell her from across the field.† â€Å"I know,† I said, frustrated. Bella was like a gazelle in a sea of lions. I didn't want to scare her but you wouldn't respond. Alice sighed in her thoughts. The rest of my family began playing baseball again. This time they were lightly bunting the ball and barely running at top speeds. We weren't interested in the game anymore. The waves of terror continued emitting from everyone's mind. I felt Bella's heat against me. She had moved within inches of my body. â€Å"What did Esme ask you?† she whispered. I wasn't going to tell her but I realized that I had too. I hesitated for only a second. â€Å"Whether they were thirsty,† I was thoroughly discomposed. This is the dumbest idea ever. I don't know what the hell Edward is thinking keeping her human. Grr. So frail and†¦mortal. Rosalie wailed in a real temper. I ignored her because I was too busy looking for the minds of strangers in the forest. I wonder how many there are. An unknown ‘voice' flitted through my head. My eyes snapped up to the edge of the tree line. I couldn't believe I had put Bella in this kind of danger. I was constantly putting her in harm's way. â€Å"I'm sorry Bella,† I cried, â€Å"It was stupid, irresponsible, to expose you like this. I'm so sorry.† I couldn't expect forgiveness because I didn't deserve it. This should be interesting. I heard an unfamiliar female's mind. I heard them in the distance and so did the rest of my family. There was a quivering silence cutting through the air as my family peered out at the darkening forest in the direction of the coming doom. They were just lurking out of sight. I was convinced for a whole shining second that they had changed their minds until three dark figures emerged from the forest.

Answers to questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers to questions - Essay Example The Sixth Circuit reversed, finding that the impairments substantially limited respondent in the major life activity of performing manual tasks. In order to demonstrate that she was so limited, said the court, Williams had to show that her manual disability involved a "class" of manual activities affecting the ability to perform tasks at work. She satisfied this test, according to the court, because her ailments prevented her from doing the tasks associated with certain types of manual jobs that require repetitive work with hands and arms extended at or above shoulder levels for extended periods of time. In reaching this conclusion, the court found that evidence that she could tend to her personal hygiene and carry out personal or household chores did not affect a determination that her impairments substantially limited her ability to perform the range of manual tasks associated with an assembly line job. The court granted her partial summary judgment on the issue of whether she was disabled under the ADA. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.] The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is grounded in the will to provide equal opportunity in employment, transportation, public accommodations, public services, and telecommunications for individual with disabilities.

RQ2 Reflect on this statement by Ladd and give express your thoughts Assignment

RQ2 Reflect on this statement by Ladd and give express your thoughts and opinions - Assignment Example ch definition is based on emphasizing on a positive experience, experience oriented and majorly emphasizing the abilities of and possibilities in understanding the larger cohort of deaf selves (Kusters & De Meulder, 2013 P.429 L. 91-111). Deaf people are just ordinary people who have one deficit of hearing; nevertheless, deaf people gain is enhanced and rooted in cognitive skills. Such include increased peripheral recognition, increased spatial recognition, proficiency in visual learning and the use of visual language that is rich in metaphoric iconicity. A part from these intrinsic arguments, there are extrinsic reasons that explain the contribution of deaf people and their language. Ladd states that, there are destructive patterns that are rooted in the deaf culture, and they include; not realizing the positive meaning of being deaf, not appreciating that sign language is genuine and has a general dislike of hearing people(Kusters & De Meulder, 2013 P.430 L.67-75). The statements provided by Ladd demonstrate many things that the deaf community undergoes and how they need and feel to be handled. The deaf communities many a time like using their own language and continued to maintain their culture. These are demonstrated through the deaf clubs, international and national organizations and their successfully raising of colossus number of non-deaf children in their culture. Deaf hood, therefore, involves a dynamic understanding of deaf people, how they behave among themselves and in the community at large. Given that, humans have alike to seek fixity, it is imperative to state that deaf hood is a process, not a fixed state but it is a checklist of many characteristics that can be used to describe ideologies that arise to attempt hegemony(Ladd, 2005 P.14 L. 11-19). In essence, many deaf people feel that their oral counterparts take them as lesser people in the society. It can be seen in some action that the deaf people do. A pointing example is the perpetual

Managing Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Decision Making - Essay Example The result is that decision makers will have better grasp of factors bearing on company performance. Business Intelligence (BI) tools, especially in the form of spreadsheets, can be highly complementary to EUD systems, for they both lend themselves for use by non-specialists. An extension of BI is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which aims to minimize human interference in the preliminary and intermediate stage of data selection and processing. Expert Systems are an even advanced vision of AI, that aim to make the sort of sophisticated decision making and recommendations that only experts were thought capable of doing. In sum, EUD is a promising avenue for business operation. It has wide scope and application within an enterprise, affecting employees from all domains to the top managers. Introduction The practice of End User Development (EUD) was not thought of as viable in the early days of the Information Technology revolution. But in recent years, with storage, processing and progra mming technology having grown at a rapid pace, EUD is given consideration by many business enterprises. All employees, irrespective of their proficiency in IT and programming, can participate and benefit through EUD. Sophisticated software tools with intuitive user interfaces and integration capabilities help create new applications through the study and improvement of existing systems. (Luthy 2002, pg. 69) Hence, the report will cover various ways in which employees can adapt to EUD and increase both individual and overall productivity. Decision making is one area where EUD has had impact. If end users merely point to what comprises relevant data for the company, the powerful IT system can create salient reports for the top management. Spreadsheets are a great aid in this process, but the key is in identifying valuable information from the vast amounts of data that a company generates. EUDs also changes the role and responsibility of regular IT staff, in that, they now coordinate w ith non-specialists in fine-tuning the system. A company would also need lesser number of IT staff, leading to cost efficiency. Each employee will bring his/her domain knowledge to the information system, making it a multi-dimensional tool. With the incorporation of Knowledge Management (KM) features into EUD, the IT system can prove to be focussed and yet flexible. The key to successful KM lies in understanding where important data lies and in devising ways of tapping into it. (Lindvall &Rus, 2002) The report speculates on the potential of KM to offer a competitive edge for the business. Business Intelligence (BI) tools, especially the ubiquitous spreadsheet, can be a great ally for EUD systems. The simplicity of working a spreadsheet makes it accessible to non-IT personnel. When aligned with sophisticated data mining principles, a spreadsheet can be programmed to produce the most relevant reports, future trends and estimates. Expert Systems and related Artificial Intelligence tech nology are going to be at the centre of business functioning in the future. (Rao, David 2004. 779) The pros and cons of these cutting edge technologies are explored in the report. Finally, the importance of EUD is analyzed in light of rampant growth in the services industry, which is more data intensive compared to manufacturing industries. The report outlays various aspects of EUD and analyzes how much this nascent technology can transform business operations

Strategic Alliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Alliance - Essay Example Nike is one of the largest and most popular athletic footwear company, but it not manufacturing even a single shoe. Similarly, Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturing companies, but it does not manufacture not more than cockpits or wing bits. These companies have entered into strategic alliances with the suppliers to do the manufacturing activities for them. Strategic Alliance is an agreement between the firms for conducting the business activities together. Strategic alliance goes beyond just informal handshake agreements or partnership. It includes lengthy formal contract in which both the parties also exchange the equity and contribute capital to establish a joint venture firm or corporation Strategic alliance means merger of two companies. This is what is generally assumed, but companies are coming up for multi-strategic alliances nowadays. This might be because they are willing to utilize their strengths to controlling the market. For example, a strategic alliance of six companies was formed to develop General Magic Corporation for developing the communication software called Typescript. The companies involved in the strategic alliance are Apple, Motorola, Sony, AT&T, Philips and Matsushita (Longenecker, & TenaLoeza, 2010, p. 224). The large organizations not only form strategic alliance with big organizations but also with the small companies too. The alliances are formed in order to form joint ventures for using their skills and expertise to promote their competitive advantage. It links two business entities, without affecting the independent legal status of the firm or company (Kale, & Singh, 2009, p. 2). Strategic Alliance Trends The strategic alliances have become a superficial form of business practice, which has its primary focus on increasing the credibility of the business through association of one of more companies. It is also done for achieving the strategic objectives of the company, entering into new market, increasing the market share, increasing the delivery capacity of the company, reducing the cost of operation, and introducing innovative products or services in the market. The alliances of the companies nowadays contribute to 20-33 percent of their annual revenue. The companies get the advantage of handling larger order volumes; they get bigger customers and can offer high quality products or services to the customers. It can be seen that the strategic alliances between the companies are growing at a pace of 25 percent annually (Keasler, & Denning, n. d., p. 3). In an alliance, the different department of the whole organization get involved such as the sales, marketing, supply chain, delivery department, etc. SO it can be well assumed that the support of the internal resources is necessary for a

Study of chemical vapor deposition CVD grown transparent conducting Dissertation

Study of chemical vapor deposition CVD grown transparent conducting oxides (TCO) - Dissertation Example The results show that samples AGC-U and TEC 8 are both fit for use as semiconductor materials though the electrical conductivity of TEC 8 is better than that for AGC-U. Moreover when it comes to samples 198-219 the electrical properties (such as sheet resistance, mobility, resistivity and carrier concentration) tend to change as the doping levels are varied. The best electrical properties can be attributed to Sample 200 (with a doping level of 0.6 M) as it has the highest conductivity. It was also found out that fluorine doped samples had higher resistivity and that the mean transmission and mean reflection change as the doping levels of fluorine are changed. The mean transmission varies between 46.95% and 63.21% while the mean reflection varies between 2.21% and 4.25%. Sample 198 had the highest transmission while Sample 213 had the lowest transmission and reflection. It was also found out that the peak position did not vary as the levels of fluorine doping were changed. However the intensity (Lin count) tends to change as fluorine doping levels are changed. Sample 213 (0 M) had the lowest intensities while Sample 198 (0.4 M) had the highest peak.

Bill Clinton and Racial Reconciliation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bill Clinton and Racial Reconciliation - Essay Example Racial reconciliation demands sensitivity when being expounded because any loose definitions could lead people to supporting that which they feel closely relates to them. Yet it should be a unifying factor since it is a matter of humaneness rather than individual feelings. As human beings, we should seek to come together as one and respect each other regardless of color or any other divisive issues such as creed. However, emphasis must be placed on the fact that racial reconciliation primarily entails holding all persons responsible for the past injustices, accountable (Lawson 295). At the time of his campaign, Governor Bill Clinton came out boldly against race as a divisive issue and called upon Americans to embrace the diversity as a strengthening factor. Staying true to his word, when Clinton came into power he appointed more blacks and women than any other President in the history of America had. His idealism on racial reconciliation was founded on the fact that at the end of the day we are all human beings. That ought to be the connection we all ascribe to and not color. Racial reconciliation became more practical as President Clinton established a commission, aimed at convening dialogues at town halls to initiate further discourse into the issue of racism. He went on to enacting policies that saw employment opportunities for African Americans increase dramatically; besides that, he reinforced civil rights movements and appointed a significant number of African Americans and women into the judicial system. His dedication to this was visible until the end of his term where he was seen to make recommendations to health, education, civil rights efforts and overall social and economic evolution. In Elie Wiesel’s speech at the Millennium Lecture series in April 12 1999, he cited indifference as the greatest enemy to racial reconciliation as it is worse than anger and hatred, because it does not bring out any response. He applauded President Clintonâ€⠄¢s efforts in intervening the suffering of people in Kosovo in partnership with NATO. This had a huge impact on his plight to Americans that the human connection is greater than any racial and ethnic differences as nowadays more leaders and international organizations are embracing their roles as human beings to intervening in countries where crimes against humanity are rife. Such intervention efforts point at the occurrence of racial reconciliation (Wiesel). There are considerable instances of racial reconciliation in America, starting with President Clinton’s apology to African Americans for the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment in 1997. He also alluded to an apology to slavery and launched an initiative that sought to give practices necessary for racial reconciliation. This made racial injustices more acknowledgeable by other leaders as more apologies were offered. Evidence to this is an apology, in 1999 by President Mathieu Kerekou of Benin to African Americans for the countr y’s participation in the European slave trade. More recently, the Jacksonville Journey an initiative established in 2007 to reduce crime rates in the town often referred to as the ‘murder capital’ of Florida; where its activities include youth development programs that turn the young population away from gang activities. This has been a positive step towards racial reconciliation as it eliminates the stereotype of African Americans as inclined towards violent and criminal activities. Still in the same year, the

Applied Theory of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Theory of Economics - Essay Example China and India have progressed exponentially, with current estimates clearly showing how they would be the worlds biggest economies in sheer volume by 2050.Countries like South Korea, Taiwan & Singapore, once minor shipping ports are now among the economic elites of the world, on par with any developed nation today. These spectacular developments have been due to the great flexibility the capitalist system has demonstrated in granting everyone a stake in this brave new world. But with all that being said it also has a dark side attached to it as well. Poor nations with poor legislation on labor rights, wages, health & safety, poor government monitoring and manipulation by many rogue corporations over the ages have put into question the humanitarian aspect of trade. Arguing that corporations shifting production capacities elsewhere are susceptible to exploit the labor and other available resources of their host countries. In my humble opinion ,with the exception of a few highly publi cized cases, the net result of free trade for the developing world has been beneficial .It has alleviated poverty on national levels, led to transfer of modes of technology & made the world more cosmopolitan and integrated . Below are some of the arguments that in my opinion reflect very favorably on the effect of free trade on the developing world. Free trade is not just an economic practice it's a way of life, a political philosophy. "A major source of objection to a free economy is precisely that it [...] gives people what they want instead of what a particular group thinks they ought to want." (Friedman, n.p.) Below are in my opinion some points that argue favorably in the case of free trade for the developing world. Free Trades Alleviates Poverty More cannot be said of free trades vitality in increasing the fortunes of developing world. With the every specific shift of a production capacity in that particular or municipality a steady stream of labor is required. By gaining employments workers get means for their livelihoods and purchasing power. The cumulative effect is on a national scale. One can look no further than the birth of middle class in China & India. They alone have been a major factor in stimulating their local economies with their spending patterns. Free Trade Removes Likeliness of War it's no secret that all commerce flourishes in peaceful times. Especially in this integrated world when there are vested interests in another countries well being. Although the incidence of war hasn't been totally eliminated, by and large majority of the world the developing world has enjoyed prosperity over the decades. In fact, so many nations have entered into regional pacts to gain access to each others markets, to remove import quotas & for freer flow of resources in between their borders. All of these points which are the cornerstone of the Free Trade phenomenon. And in turn Organizations geared towards the free market ideal such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Organization), EU (European Union) & WTO (World Trade Organization) have shown resounding success since the time of their

Models in project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Models in project management - Essay Example This statement of work will provide a deep insight into development of the high-level project charter for the E-Mail Upgrade Project described in the scenario. This statement will provide an overview of the identification of a project management methodology and project team, and a baseline schedule. This will describe the project objective and its main scope. This project is going to enhance the overall structure if the company communication structure. This project will upgrade the e-mail system of the Ohio Department of Human Services. Through this the organization will get the better communication facilities and data sharing network over the organizational intranet. This project will enhance the following areas of the organization; This project will be implemented on the Ohio Department of Human Service’s organizational Intranet. The Office of Network Support (ONS) will keep track and manage the overall project and its associated activates (tasks, phases). We have decided to purchase the new version of the Worldviewupgrades that is Globalupgrades 9.0. This is better system with the offer of discounts for a Version 9.0 license. We are also satisfied with the quality of this system working. This system will also offer the better robust working environment. I have analyzed the overall project tasks and main activities that we will need to perform. After this I have devised a workable and convent time line for this project. This project will take three months for the overall project execution and implementation. At the end of the three months we are expecting to have the overall new efficient working system that will deliver the better performance and communication infrastructure. After that we have to engage a training period of three days that will introduce the all personal regarding the use of the new system. This system should have the capability to tolerate any system level error. This system should also

Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health Essay Example for Free

Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health Essay In my work I have a duty of care to the young people I work with. This means their health, safety, wellbeing and emotional development is my responsibility. For me to do this I follow company policies and procedures and when needed seek advice from the appropriate people. Ac3. Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas. While at work for any support I need I firstly will talk to the other member of staff I am on shift with. After that I may call a senior in the office or the out of hour’s duty manager. If problems are still not solved then for the safety of the young person I may need to call the police depending on the situation. 054.3 Ac1. Describe how to respond to complaints. If a yp wants to make a complaint about anything my first action would be to try and resolve the issue myself. After that it may need to go higher up to a senior or my manager, failing that I would assist the yp to fill in a complaint form and then hand it to the manager who would then take the appropriate action from thee. Ac2. Explain the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints. †¢ Minor/informal complaints such as a yp complaining about the dà ©cor in their bedroom may be dealt with by staff verbally but it still must be recorded on a complaint form and handed to the operations manager. A record will be made in the complaints log. The complaint will be dealt with in 14 days and a written response will be given to the complainant regarding the outcome. †¢ Serious complaints must be written down within two working days and be fully responded to in writing. The complaint must be handed to the operations manager who then should notify the managing director of keys using a complaint referral form. All serious complaints must be resolved within 35 days. †¢ All serious/written complaints must be recorded briefly on a complaints form and in the central complaints file. They will be counted and audited on a monthly basis. The full investigation details will be filed in an individual investigation file. †¢ The operations manager must ensure all serious complaints are entered onto the weekly complaints report by the nominated office. †¢ Any complaint received externally must be logged in the homes central record and copies of any correspondence must also be held in the home. †¢ Copies of any correspondence and the fully completed appendix one must be sent to the complaints administrator at Rawtenstalll office who will ensure the checklist id fully completed.

Vendlers Explication of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Vendlers Explication of Poetry Essay Additional Step-by-Step Method of Thoroughly Explicating a Poem In addition to the sections, which are mentioned in the basic explication de texte, please review these divisions to further assist you in the complex work of analysis. Meaning: can you paraphrase in prose the general outline of the poem? Do not simply answer yes or no; attempt a brief paraphrase. Antecedent scenario: What has been happening before the poem begins? What has provoked the speaker? Poets make certain stanza-forms their own. Dante wrote the whole of the Divine Comedy in three-line pentameter stanzas with interlaced rhyme, and ever since, anyone writing in this form or one of its modern adaptations—from Percy Bysshe Shelley in the nineteenth century through Wallace Stevens and Seamus Heaney in the twentieth century—evokes Dante (Vendler 74). 1. How does the information contained in this statement aid us in our interpretation of poetry? What does it tell us into utterance? How has a previous equilibrium been unsettled? What is the speaker upset6 about? 2. Division into parts: How many? Where do the breaks come? 3. The climax: How do the other parts fall into place around it? 4. The other parts: What makes you divide the poem into these parts? Are there changes in person? In agency? In tense? In parts of speech? Look for any and all dynamic changes within the poem, rather than consider that the poem is a static structure. 5. Find the skeleton: What is the emotional curve on which the whole poem is strung? (It even helps to draw a shape—a crescendo, perhaps, or an hourglass-shape, or a sharp ascent followed by a steep decline—so you will know how the poem looks to you as a whole.) 6. Games with the skeleton: How is this emotional curve made new? 7. Language: What are the contexts of diction; chains of significant relation; parts of speech emphasized; tenses; and so on? 8. Tone: Can you name the pieces of the emotional curve—the changes in tone you can hear in the speakers voice as the poem goes along? 9. Agency and its speech acts: Who is the main agent in the poem, and does the main agent change as the poem progresses? See what the main speech act of the agent is, and whether that changes. Notice oddities about agency and speech acts. 10. Roads not taken: Can you imagine the poem written in a different person, or a different tense, or with the parts rearranged, or with an additional stanza, or with one stanza left out, conjecturing by such means why the poet  might have wanted these pieces in this order? 11. Genres: What are they by content, by speech act, by outer form? 12. The imagination: What has it invented that is new, striking, and memorable—in content, in genre, in analogies, in rhythm, in a speaker? Sound Units:The sound units of a poem are its syllables. The word enemy has three successive sounds, en-eh-mee. Readers are conscious of a sound effect when they hear two end-words rhyme; but poets are conscious of all the sounds in their lines, just as they are of the rhythms of a line. Word Roots: These are the pieces of words that come from words in earlier languages, often Greek, Latin, or Anglo-Saxon. Poets usually are aware of the roots of the words they use. When I consider everything that grows Holds in perfection but a little moment, That this huge stage presenteth naught but shows Whereon the stars in secret influence comment; When I perceive that men as plants increase, Cheered and checked even by the selfsame sky, . . . . then the conceit of this inconstant stay Sets you most rich in youth before my sight . . . In Sonnet 15, Shakespeare makes poetic use of words such as con-sider (from the root stars) a word he later uses in the same poem. He also expects them to notice that the word consider is composed of two parts, con- and -sider, and that the next I verb (perceive) is followed by a noun (conceit) which combines the con- of consider with the -ceive of perceive. Perhaps he also expected at least some of his readers to see how the con—of consider and conceit is repeated in inconstant (and that the word you is contained in youth). Words: The meaning of a word in a poem is determined less by its dictionary (a single word like stage can have many definitions in a comprehensive dictionary) than by the words around it. Every word in a poem enters into relation with the other words in that poem. These relations can be of several kinds: Thematic relation—as we would connect stars and sky in the quotation above. Phonemic relationâ₠¬â€as we would connect stage, stars, secret, selfsame, sky, and stay in the quotation above by their initial ss and sts. Grammatical relation: as cheered  and checked are both verbal adjectives modifying men Syntactic relation—as When I consider and When I perceive introduce dependent clauses in I both modifying the main clause Then the conceit . . . sets you. Each word exists in several constellations of relation, all of which the reader needs to notice in order to see the overlapping structures of language in the poem. Sentences: Note predicate and subject. Tenses. Track who is saying what to whom. Implication: Poets often expect you to think concretely as he speaks abstractly, since his words are to be yours. Because a poem can only suggest, not expatiate, it requires you to supply the concrete instances for each of its suggestions. Remember that implication can be present in rhythm as well as in words. The Ordering of Language: Language gives you the manner of the poem, as well as its matter. History and Regionality: In thinking about history poems, there is always a tension between the copiousness of history and the brevity of lyric. Often the generalized space of lyric gives way to a particular climate, geography, and/or scenery of a particular poem. Identity of the speaker: for the writer, the answer to this is never simple. Examine the various facets of identity in the poem and how these change and offer varying views of the world. Attitudes, Judgments, Values: You are under no obligation to like or freely accept all the remarks or attitudes you come across in art. Closely examine the stylized language to make sure that you understand the values suggested by the poem. Can you separate the persona from the author? Rhythm: The first and most elementary pleasure of poetry is its rhythm. Distinguish between the various formal types of rhythm that you find in the poem. Knowing the musical weight of every possible syllable in the language is the gift of great poets. Rhythm: Look for sounds that match. Keats thought of a kiss as a rhyme. Structure: The structures of a poem are the intellectual or logical shapes into which its thoughts are dynamically organized. Any overarching structure can have many substructures. We sometimes express this by saying that the structure of the poem enacts by way of dynamic evolution of form what the poem says by way of assertion. Images: A word is not the same thing as a picture. Words refer; images represent. Arguments: Arguments in poems are miniature imitations of real arguments. Wisdom, A New Language, Poignancy, Poems as Pleasure: no single poem offers all the pleasures of poetry. Exploring a Poem: What follows are a series of things to note when you run through a poem to see what its parts are and how they fit together. Let us use this list on a sonnet by John Keats, called On First Looking into Chapmans Homer. The anthology will tell us, in footnotes, a few things we have to know to understand the references in the poem: Keats did not know Greek, and so he first read Homers Odyssey in the Renaissance translation by George Chapman; Apollo is the Greek god of poetry; Keats believed (mistakenly) t hat it was the Spanish conquistador Cortex who, in exploring Panama (Darien), discovered the Pacific Ocean (in reality it was Balboa, but the historical error doesnt matter for the imaginative purposes of the poem). Keats tells us what it is like, even for a reader as experienced in poetry as he, to come across Homers Odyssean epic (from which he draws his opening travel imagery) for the first time: Much have I travelld in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. [allegiance] Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-browd Homer ruled as his demesne;[domain] Yet did I never breathe its pure serene;[atmosphere] Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken;[view] Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes He stard at the Pacific—and all his men Lookd at each other with a wild surmise— Silent, upon a peak in Darien. John Keats, On First Looking into Chapmans Homer How do we go about exploring such a poem? Let us try a series of steps. 1. Meaning: This is the usual sort of information retrieval reading that we do with any passage of prose or verse. We come up with a summary of greater or lesser length giving the import of the passage as we make sense of it. Here, we might arrive at something like The speaker says that he had  traveled through a lot of golden terrain—had read a lot of poems—and people had told him about the Homeric domain, but he had never breathed its air till he heard Chapman speak out. Then he felt like an astronomer discovering a new plant; or like the explorer who discovered the Pacific, whose men, astonished by his gaze, guessed at his discovery. This sort of meaning-paraphrase is necessary, but less useful in poetry than in prose. In many poems there is rather little in the way of plot or character or message or information in the ordinary sense, and that little can be quickly sketched (perhaps initially, especially in the case of a complex poem, by the teacher to the class). Hoping to learn things about the poem that are more interesting than simply what it says in prose, we try to construct its 1. Antecedent Scenario: What has been happening before the poem starts? What has disturbed the status quo and set the poem in motion? Here, we know what has happened: the speaker has picked up Homer (in Chapmans translation) for the first time, and has had a revelatory experience. But the antecedent scenario is not always given to us so clearly. If it is not evident right away, one moves on hopefully to 2. A Division into Structural Parts: Because small units are more easily handled than big ones, and because the process of a poem, even one as short as a sonnet, cant be addressed all at once with a single global question like Whats going on here? we divide the poem into pieces. One way of dividing this poem up is to notice that it falls, by its rhymes, into two large parts: I never knew Homer till I read Chapman (abbaabba) and Then I felt like this (cdcdcd). The first part takes up the first eight lines, connected by the two rhyme-sounds represented by –old (rhyme a) and -een (rhyme b); and the second part takes up the last six lines, connected by a new set of rhyme-sounds, represented by –ies (rhyme c) and –en (rhyme d). There are other ways, besides this 8:6 division, to divide this poem into parts, as we shall see, but let us work first within this 8:6 division-by-rhyme. In order to suggest a meaningful relation of the parts, it is useful to look at 3. The Climax: In Keatss [please note that this is the correct MLA format for possession by a person whose name ends in s] sonnet, the climax seems to come when Cortex stares at the Pacific—the high point of the poem. What is special about his experience? Why does it replace the image of the  astronomer discovering a new planet? In lyric poems, the various parts tend to cluster around a moment of special significance—which its attendant parts lead up to, lead away from, help to clarify, and so on. The climax usually manifests itself by such things as greater intensity of tone, as especially significant metaphor, a change in rhythm, or a change in person. Having located the climax, one can now move back to 4. The Other Parts: About each part, it is useful to ask how it differs from the other parts. What is distinctive in it by contrast to the other members of the poem? Does something shift gears? Does the tense change? Does the predominant grammatical form change? (For example, does the poem stop emphasizing nouns and start emphasizing participles?) Is a new person addressed? Have we left a general overlook for certain particulars? Here, we notice that the first four lines talk in general about states, kingdoms, and islands. The next four lines talk about one special wide expanse, the one ruled by Homer. The next part says, I felt like an astronomer discovering a new planet. And the last part produces anew comparison: I felt like an explorer discovering a new ocean, accompanied by his companions. Some questions immediately arise: Why doesnt the poem end after the poet says, I felt as though I discovered a new planet? Why does he feel he needs a second comparison? And why, in the second comparison, does he need not only a single discoverer comparable to the astronomer, but a discoverer accompanied by a group of companions (all his men)? Once these four parts (general realms; Homers expanse; solo astronomer/ planet; Cortez and men / Pacific Ocean) have been isolated, one can move on to the game called 5. Find the Skeleton: What is the dynamic curve of emotion on which the whole poem is arranged? I am much traveled, and have visited [presumably by ship] many islands; however, I had never visited the Homer-expanse till I heard Chapman; then I breathed the air of the Homer-expanse, and it was like finding—like finding what? The first stab at comparison (like finding a new planet) isnt quite right—you cant walk on a planet and explore it and get to know it the way you get to know islands and states. Well, what would be a better comparison? And the speaker realizes that whereas other poets seem feudal lords of a given piece of earth—a state, a kingdom, an  island—Homer is different not just in degree but in kind. He is, all by himself, an ocean. A new ocean, unlike a planet, is something on one s own plane that one can actually explore; yet it is something so big that it must contain many new islands and realms within it. When we understand this, we can identify the curve of astonishment in the poem when the Homer-expanse (a carefully chosen word that doesnt give away too much turns out to be not just another piece of land, and not some faraway uninhabitable body in the sky, but a whole unexplorable ocean, hitherto unguessed at. The tone has changed from one of ripe experience (Much have I travelled) to one of ignorance (the speaker has never breathed the air of the vast Homeric expanse, though others had, and had told him about it), to the revelation of the wild surmise—we have found not just another bounded terrain, but an unsuspected ocean! This curve of emotion, rising from an almost complacent sense of experience to an astonished recognition, is the emotional skeleton of the poem. We can then ask about 6. Games the Poet Plays with the Skeleton: If OFLCH by its content, is a then/now poem (I used not to know Homer / Now I do), what is the event bridging the then and the now? It is reading Homer in Chapmans translation. Reading is not an event in the usual sense: most then/now poems (like A slumber did my spirit seal) are about some more tangible event (a death, an absence, a catastrophe). Keats plays a game, then, with the then/now poem in making its fulcrum an experience of reading. By saying that reading too is an Event, Keats makes the then/now poem new. If this is a riddle-poem (and it is: What is Homer-land like?), how is the riddle prepared? It is prepared by a series of alternatives: I have seen realms, states, kingdoms, islands. Some expanse is ruled by Homer, but I have not seen it yet. Will it be a realm? A state? A kingdom? Another island? The first answer to the riddle is, none of the above; Homer land is a new planet! But that is the wrong answer (one cant travel to and explore a new planet, and the speaker is exploring Homer), so the poem tries again to answer the riddle, and this time does it correctly: None of the above; Homer-expanse is a new ocean! The poet has played a game with our sense of the poem as a riddle by answering not in the category we anticipated from his former travels but in an unexpected one, thus making the riddle-poem new. Keats plays  another game with the ignorance/discovery skeleton by making his poem a hero-poem. He makes the reward at the end of the emotional curve—the discovery of the new ocean—not a solitary experience but a communal one. We normally think of reading as an uneventful private act. Why did Keats make it heroic? Furthermore, why did he show the heroic discovery being made not by a single explorer but by a company of explorers? Cortex is not alone on the Isthmus of Panama, but is accompanied by all his men / Look[ing] at each other with a wild surmise. When one discovers the Homeric expanse one reads alone, but one becomes thereby a member of a company of people who have discovered Homer—those people who had oft . . . told the speaker about Homer. A feat like Homers writing the Odyssey is as heroic as the exploits of Achilles: mastery of such an intellectual discovery is itself a presence of Cortezs men, is collective, not private. Keats thought of himself as a poet among poets: a reader of Homer among readers of Homer, an explorer among explorers. And in this way he made the hero-poem both newly intellectual and newly communal and democratic. One can go on to ask about 8.Language:We have been looking at language all along, but now we can do it more consciously. How many sentences does the poem have? 2. Where does the break between sentences come? After line 4. This gives us, a new division into parts: not the 8:L6 of the then/now structure, but the 4:10 of the knowledge/discovery structure, which locates for us the moment i n which traveled complacency turns to longing for Homeric acquaintance. Poems often have several overlapping internal structures. It is one of the signs of a complex poem that its rhymes may be dividing the poem one way, its theme another way, its action from inception through climax another way, its grammar another way, its sentences yet another way. Each of these divisions has something to tell us about the emotional dynamic of the poem. What parts of speech predominate in the poem? In Keatss sonnet, the chain of nouns of space—realms, states, kingdoms, islands, expanse, demesne, planet, Pacific—stands out as one unifying link. What other words, regardless of whether they are different parts of speech, make a chain of significant relation? Your might notice how words of seeing and watching—seen, watcher, ken, eagle eyes, stared, looked at—connect the parts of the poem as do the nouns of space. What contexts are expressed in the diction?We notice traveling sailing, exploring, astronomical observation, feudal loyalty, and  so on. Is the diction modern or ancient? Keats uses archaic words like realms of gold, goodly, bards, fealty, demesne, pure serene, and ken which help us sense how long Homer has been alive in our culture. A close look at language always leads to 7. Tone: The calm beginning, in the voice of ripe experience (much have I travelled) mounts to the excitement of the wild surmise, which then suddenly is confirmed by the breathless silent of the last line, and by the image of the peak corresponding to this heightened moment. Reading a poem aloud as if it were your won utterance makes you able to distinguish the various tones of voice it exhibits, and to name them. At this point, we can turn to 10. Agency and Speech Acts: Who has agency in this poem? We notice that the main verbs are all governed by the I who speaks the poem: I have traveled . . . and seen . . . [and] have been . . . [and] had been told. . . .yet never did I breathe . . .I heard . . . Then felt I. But we notice that in the subordinate clauses a great many other subagencies are present. Bards hold island, Homer rules an expanse, Chapman speaks out, the new planet swims into ken, Cortez stares at the Pacific, and his men look with wold surmise at each other. It is by the interpenetration of the rather colorless main verbs denoting the sedentary activity of reading and the other more public or active actions of the agents, that Keats draws his new acquaintance with the Odyssey into large realms of cultural activity. The speech act of this poem is a single long narration of the speaker’s more remote and recent pasts. The unusual thing about the speech act (narration) and agency (single main agent) is that they stop so soon: the last narrative verb by the agent is then felt I in line 9. After that, the attention of the poem never comes back to the speaker, but instead expands out to the most exalting sorts of cultural discovery—that of an astronomer, that of explorers. 11. Roads Not Taken: What are the roads not taken in the poem? The sonnet might have ended with the comparison of the self to an astronomer. Would this have been satisfactory? Or the expanse ruled over by homer might have been shown as a new continent rather than as a new ocean. Would this have been equally revealing? Or the poem might have been written in the third person instead of the first person: Many have travelled in the realms of gold And they have goodly states and kingdoms seen Round many western islands have they been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Is this as dramatic as the first person? Or the poem might have begun with the reading of Chapmans Homer, instead of leading up to it: I once heard Chapman speak out loud and bold; He told me of a wide expanse unseen, Better than other states and realms of gold That deep-browd Homer ruled as his demesne. Then felt I like stout Cortez on his peak, When with his eagle eyes he saw the sea. . . . We can see how these examples show us just how dynamic Keatss version is. With the clear idea of the function of each piece of the poem within the whole, and of the dynamic curve of emotion governing the order in which the pieces appear, we can then pass on to 12. Genre, Form, and Rhythm: What is the content genre of the poem? A dramatic change between then and now; a poem about reading; a poem about a hero; a poem about collective experience. What is the speech act genre of the poem? A narration in the first person of a significant event marking one life-period off from another, and an asking-a-riddle: What is reading Homer like? What is the formal genre of the poem? A sonnet, using the usual five-beat rising-rhythm line found in sonnets, rhyming abbaabba cdcdcd. It can be compared to other sonnets rhyming the same way. About form, we always need to ask how it has been made vivid. We can then move on to the last issue which is always 13. The Imagination: What has the poets imaginati on invented that is striking? Memorable? Or beautiful? We can tell, from the metaphors of sailing, that before writing his poem Keats had been reading Homers Odyssey, and had been thinking about what Odysseus had discovered as he sailed from realm to realm, from island to island. Wanting to describe his own first reading of Homer, Keats imaginatively borrows from the very book he has been reading, using the image of travel, saying that reading poetry in general is like voyaging from Shakespeare-land to Milton-kingdom to Spenser-state, but that reading Homer is not like finding just another piece of land to visit: it like finding a new planet, or, even better, a whole unexpected new ocean to sail in. Keats imagined these large  analogies—sailing, astronomical observation, discovering an ocean—for the act of reading in general, and for reading Homer in particular; they enliven the sonnet. What makes the poem touching is the imagined change from the complacency of the well-traveled speaker to the astonishment of the discovery of Homer, and the poets realization that in reading Homer he had joined a company of others who have also discovered the Homeric ocean, sharing his wild surmise. It is characteristic of Keats to see poetry as a collective act: he said in a letter, I think I shall be among the English poets after my death, not I think I shall be famous after my death. But the imagination is not invested in themes and images alone. The imagination of a poet has to extend to the rhythm of the poem as well. What the imagination has invented here that is rhythmically memorable is the change from the steady first ten lines—because even the astronomer doesnt have to do anything but look through his telescope—to the strenuous broken rhythms of the heroic last four lines with their four sharply differentiated parts: Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes he stared at the Pacific— And all his men lookd at each other with a wild surmise— Silent, Upon a peak in Darien. The intent, piercing stare of stout Cortez: the amazed mutual conjecture of his men; the sudden, short, transfixed silence of the whole group; the summit of foreign experience on which the action takes place—each of these four facts is given its own rhythmically irregular phrase, so different from the undisturbed and measured pentameter narration in Then felt I like some watcher of the skies / When a new planet swims into his ken. A poem needs imaginative rhythms as well as imaginative transformation. You will, of course, read most poems without investigating them in this detailed way for their inner processes. But as soon as you want to know how a poem works, as well as what it says, and why it is poignant or compelling, you will find yourself beginning to study it, using methods like the ones sketched here. Soon, it becomes almost second nature for you to notice sentences, tense-changes, speech acts, tonal variants, changes of agency, rhythm, rhymes, and other ingredients of internal and external structure. Poems are very rewarding things to study as  well as to read, to learn by heart as well as to study. They keep you company in life. To give the poem its due, although we often understand its message, the reason for our response is the arrangement of the message on many intersecting planes into a striking and moving form. We need to be able to see it as an arranged message. Vendler, Helen. Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. Boston: Bedford, 1997 http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/patten/vendler.html