Horror Film Genre Essay - 969 Words

The two movies I viewed were Texas Chainsaw Massacre and Poltergeist, which were both directed by Tobe Hopper. Both films displayed the general rules horror films generally follow through the use of horror film genre conventions. For instance, both movies follow the good verses evil story lines and in each the end does ultimately win. However, this is not entirely true in Texas Chainsaw Massacre. The friends represented the good and the chainsaw carrying monster and his family portrayed the evil. In the end on of the friends, Sally, ultimately does escape from being killed by the monster in the movie. However, her other four friends were taken down and gruesomely killed by the evil killer in the movie. So although in a bittersweet manner,†¦show more content†¦In Poltergeist, the world of ghosts that jumps at the family is not one considered ordinary or one that would have any sort of rationale behind it. Many would not believe such a thing to be true no matter if they had a house built on top of a graveyard or not. Ghosts and the supernatural do not exist so this showing up in a film brings a sense of irrational thought which would likely keep the audience of the horror film guessing for they do not know what to expect. However, in Texas Chainsaw Massacre, mostly due to the fact the film was based on a true story, there is a rational world where the events taking place could be explained. An audience can believe that such a monster could exist because there are crazy enough people in the world that could be ruthless murderers and cannibals. It is not something that would be a pleasant thought even if it can be explained however rationale can be given behind it which is not typical in horror films. In addition, although being in the dark about something is more frightening Texas Chainsaw Massacre still did a good job of producing a scare in a rational horror film by still keeping the element of surprise and suspense throughout the movie. The timing of the appearance of the evil in each movie was just as similar to other movies, delayed. In Texas Chainsaw Massacre, it takes up to half way through the movie for the chainsaw killer, Leatherface, to appear and attack his first victim. In Poltergeist, theShow MoreRelated New Classics of the Horror Film Genre Essay3002 Words   |  13 Pagesarchaic in horror film history. The monster movie of the past makes way for the thriller or slasher movie of the present, while the monster villain gives its role to the deranged, psychotic serial killer. Friday the 13th series, Nightmare on Elm Street, Copycat and Seven have become the new classics in the genre of the horror film. With films like The People Under the Stairs, Nightmare on Elm Street, and New Nightmare, Wes Craven has proven himself to be a master of the creation of modern horror filmsRead MoreAmong New American Ghost Cinema, one can witness the re-emergence of an interesting sub-genre: the1500 Words   |  6 Pages Among New Ameri can Ghost Cinema, one can witness the re-emergence of an interesting sub-genre: the Found Footage Cinema. We can observe this new fascination in many modern horror films such as 2008’s Cloverfield, 2009s Paranormal Activity, and 2011s Apollo 18. Digging below the surface of a literal reading of some of these movies, one finds a genre that can be far more intelligent than what meets the public eye. For example, within Cloverfield, the screams and images of smoke heaving through theRead MoreThe Movies That Rose From The Grave By Max Brooks860 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern movie genre, horror movies accounts for very great proportion of the number of followers. Relevantly, the zombie film genre has been developed into a dominant part of mainstream horror, replacing the previous monster such as vampires and werewolves. In Max Brooks’s essay â€Å"The Movies That Rose From the Grave†, he offers his opinion that throughout the process of zombie film transformation, it increasingly captivates viewers while gradually generates the modern horror. Brooks’s essay should beRead MoreWhy We Crave Horror Movies Response1405 Words   |  6 PagesMWF 11:10-12:00 PM 20 January, 2016 Why We Crave Horror Movies Response In Stephen King’s essay, â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies,† the author exemplifies a present-day approach to thinking about the genre of horror. King offers three explanations for why people go to see horror films: to psychologically relieve ourselves, to exercise our fears, and to establish our feelings of essential normality. He claims that watching horror films is not just a trend, but a necessity to fulfill our need forRead MoreOppressive and Repressive Social Institutions, Value Systems and Codes of Behaviour Are Central to the Horror, Science-Fiction and Fantasy Genres. Focusing on 1-2 Examples of Your Choice, Consider How These Genres2841 Words   |  12 Pagescentral to the horror, science-fiction and fantasy genres.  Focusing on 1-2 examples of your choice, consider how these genres mediate the ‘problem’ of the social.  How significant is ideology, as well as genre theory, to your case-study? This essay will explore the ways in which the horror genre perpetuates repressive and oppressive social institutions, value systems and codes of behaviour surrounding the homosexual subject. It will be suggested that the generic conventions of horror films sustain repressiveRead MoreEssay on Discuss the Appeal of Horror Movies813 Words   |  4 PagesThe horror industry has been virtually dominating Asian cinema over the past few years, overshadowing any other genre in consistency of production and consequent box-office reaping. Countries like Japan, South Korea and Thailand have tapped on this market, fuelling their local film industries and clearly profiting from the appeal that horror movies have over audiences globally. Yet, even as we look beyond the economic profitability of this genre, we will discover far more reasons why this genre ofRead MoreWomen in Contemporary Horror Films1741 Words   |  7 PagesCONTEMPORARY HORROR FILM One might say that horror film- genre has been invented by feminists. Horror films seem to be one of the only genres that have women as heroines instead of dominated side characters. In horror genre women are the ones fighting against evil and men are the ones dying trying to help these heroines. Or perhaps the horror genre uses heroines to differ it self from hero dominant action genre. Or maybe horror films were created to represent the ultimate horror of the dominantRead MoreWhy We Crave Horror Movies1362 Words   |  6 Pagesbut that’s a story to tell another time. According to Stephen King’s essay â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies† he draws viewers into horror stories like the one above simply because we crave it. King claims in his essay we obsess over the wanting of horror as if we are daring the nightmare. The human condition is finally allows people to enter the totality of anti-civilization behavior. Many presume this to be false because the horror genr e only offers a sense of something grim. However, King’s ideas are accurateRead MoreHitchcocks Film Psycho Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesHitchcocks Film Psycho Ever since the first horror movies were produced they have attracted huge audiences seeking to be scared, chilled and thrilled. Horror movies are so popular because the audience can get the adrenaline rush of being scared without actually putting themselves in danger, and also the audience ultimately get a rush of relief at the end of the film when the killer is killed. This is the same reason why people go onRead MoreIn Storm Of The Century By Stephen King Analysis1014 Words   |  5 PagesStephen King’s â€Å"Storm of the century† (1999) has won numerous awards such as: Emmy Award Winner for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries (1999); Saturn Award winner for the Best Single Genre Television Presentation (2000); and International Horror Guild Award winner for the Best Television (2000). King is known for his great eye for detail, many of his stories contains similar such as: secondary characters, fictional towns, or cross-references to other similar events from previous books that

A Reflection OfThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick...

Frederick Douglass, a young slave whose mother was dead and father was absent, experienced many hardships a young person should not experience. When he was around seven or eight, an event had changed his life for the better: his move to Baltimore. Douglass heard many things about Baltimore from his Cousin Tom who described it very exquisitely. In the close reading of the passage from the autobiography, The Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, during his years as a slave he believed he had a spirit that never left him and once this event occurred, that changed his life, he knew this spirit was from God. Douglass starts out by saying that he believes his move to Baltimore was a â€Å"special interposition of divine Providence† (19). He†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"ministering angels† could be thought of as an angel sent from God to sustain him through the tough times. The â€Å"spirit of hope† Douglass is talking about was from God because God was always watching over him. At the end of the passage, Douglass states â€Å"this good spirit was from God† (19). Douglass realizes that God has been with him all throughout his journey through slavery and beyond. Throughout the whole passage, Douglass has an unfaltering faith in God that is strong and inspiring. Douglass has to uphold both sides of the double burden as he writes about his exciting move to Baltimore. He has trouble being truthful to himself and writing it as an autobiography, while also writing on behalf of all slaves and not offending his southern white audience. Later on in the passage Douglass says â€Å"I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others† (19). Douglass is saying he wants to tell the truth about what he was thinking and how he was feeling, even if it upsets or aggravates people. He only promotes one side of the double burden; being true to himself. The other side, representing the slaves and caring about what others think of his work isn’t shown. He doesn’t care if some people skip this passage and not read it or some former slaves get mad at him for not representing them. He believes this is an important part of the story to be truthful to himself. Douglass goes on to explain how he believes he

The Effect of Alcoholism on a Marriage free essay sample

The Effect of Alcoholism on Marriage. The effects of alcoholism in a marriage are dramatic and damaging. The mental state and physical well being of the abuser aside, there are significant effects on marriages. The members of the family affected undergo psychological and health trauma accruing from alcohol abuse by either spouse. For instance the sober spouse undergoes a psychological transition from being caring and giving to being addicted to caring for the alcohol abusing partner. It is the nature of all addicts to be liars, making cover ups, committing lies of omission, creating excuses, denial of their habit and blaming others for their addiction. The cause effect trend of this scenario complicates the children’s social and academic lives therefore further propagating household misery and tension. Marital distress results where marital trouble for instance dispute and quarreling are the order of the day. Lack of or aggressive communication leads to disruption warmth and unity in a marriage thus bottled up feelings of anger and tension in the relationships. An alcoholic spouse’s attention will often get distracted from their day to day roles and tasks. The effect is dissatisfaction and resentment on the part of the other spouse and family members. The time spent away drinking or in a stupor is usually time away from domestic roles that go unfulfilled. The most apparent of these duties are parenting duties and husbandly roles, thus this affects the entire household. Due to reduced judgment levels alcohol especially when consumed away from home makes either spouse vulnerable to unfaithfulness. Not only does this lead to detachment and guilt on the part of the cheat but also exposes the other spouse to sexually transmitted diseases. This health implication and the emotional hurt experienced on discoveries leads to outright failure of a marriage. The adverse physiological effects of alcoholism for instance tremors and blackouts disrupt the drinker’s social but also work life. This may lead to interruption of sources of income. In the case of women alcoholism affects the fetus before delivery. Alcohol permeates all the organs including the placenta and it easily finds its way to the fetus blood system. The born child develops birth defects such as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome one of the three top reputed causes of birth defects. If it comes to the attention of the family that a new born is suffering due to the ignorance of the alcoholic mother, it results in strained relations. Alcoholism is an expensive habit since the alcoholic spends more time spending on alcohol than he or she does making money. Most alcoholics eventually lose their jobs and carry on with the habit using the family savings. Some even tap into the children’s college funds to keep their appetite for the habit going. Alcoholic spouses deplete the familys financial resources culminating in a financial crisis leading to frustration, conflict and eventual separation. Most crimes are committed under the influence, the most common being alcoholic drunkenness. Corrections authorities released information that 35% of convicted offenders confess having been drinking when they committed the offence that led to their conviction. The offences range from traffic offenses, disturbance, violent crime, petty crimes like theft, assault and many others. The family undergoes legal problems, having to hire lawyers and try to keep the alcoholic out of jail and also undergoing all the undue attention and embarrassment that comes with publicity about the crime. While these crimes occur outside, some of them happen right inside the household The likelihood of divorce increases due to violence and hostile communication, verbal abuse and physical battery since alcohol abuse is linked to heightened aggression; attributable to reduced rational thought and self control; that most often ends up in injury to either or both of the spouses. Enhanced differences and unbalanced spousal equity occur due to the decrease in together time especially where the abusers drinking escapades take place away from home. The kind of communication that exists in an alcohol strained marriage is negative, prejudicial and angry. Cooperative and positive problem resolution thus deteriorates. In this regard less marital problems are solved due to the negative nature of conversations. Issues to with family finances, parenting and sexual issues form a big part of these accumulated issues. As far as sexual issues are concerned, it is proven that alcoholism leads to marital sex complications with lower sexual satisfaction and erectile dysfunction in men, while in women alcohol abuse is reported to slow down orgasm. The alcoholic personality tends to involve less conscience while entailing hypersensitivity and anxiety further complicating any chance of problem resolution in a marriage. If there are children the effect is that they tend to copy the behavior and end up being alcoholics themselves with their future marriages being subject to chances of failure, as were their parents’. The 1979 national drinking practices survey data revealed that children to alcoholics lead disrupted lives. The childrens social woes include feelings of low self esteem, guilt, loneliness, helplessness and chronic depression. They at times feel responsible for the parents drinking problem. Young ones are troubled to the extent they experience nightmares, bedwetting and crying. for instance battering and incest. It is said that 75% of domestic violence cases are cases of an alcoholic parent. This leads to guilt, shame, helplessness and they themselves turn to drinking to escape the pain. They carry their problems into adult life, forming a vicious cycle of alcoholism. It is thus doubtable whether a marriage can survive all the above detailed problems. More often break downs characterized by divorce, separation and loss of life or insanity take place. Thus alcoholism unless unchecked through therapy not only to the alcoholic, but to the entire family, leads to a break down of the basic social unit, the family.

Change Management and Oxfam Scandal for Work- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theChange Management and Oxfam Scandal for HumanitarianWork. Answer: Introduction: About the scnadal Established by the Oxfam family, Oxfam International is one of the most reputed charitable organizations in United Kingdom (Oxfam International | The power of people against poverty). However, February 2018 turned out to be the black letter day for the organization. There was massive media furore against Oxfam aid workers who were found to be guilty of using sex workers during their fieldwork in Haiti. The former director of Operations, Roland Van Hauwermeiren was reported to have sex workers in his villa that was rented for the purpose of charity. The chief executive officer of Oxfam, Mark Golring extended his apology and condemned the depraved behaviour of his employees. The President of Haiti, Jovenel Moise was extremely critical of the incident and it termed it as gross violation of human dignity. This paper examines the Oxfam sex scandal and contextualizes it within the broader discourse of humanitarian work. It uses the framework of ADKAR change management to recommend changes concludes my views on the impact of the proposed changes. Identification for the need for change and analysis of the situation and The Reports of 2011 against the infamous Oxfam sex scandal might be appalling ad repulsive for people all over but it is rooted in the broader context of the discourse of humanitarian work that has swept across the world. The charitable organizations and aid workers manifest white mans burden in performance of their duties. The white colonial mentality of the white man being a savior of the distressed third-world population is the banal representation of humanitarian work (Easterly). An illustration of this would be the exploitative images of children deployed by these philanthropic organizations in their banners and posters. This further reinforces stereotypes about the nations in the global south and justifies the endeavour of colonial encroachment through humanitarian in these parts of the world. Tropical neurasthasia, identified as a condition emerging from the onerous nature of fieldwork in the humid climate and deprivation from the requisite leisure in life. Therefore, it was a rgued that sex with the native was a respite from the demanding work schedule (Kempadoo). This kind of an understanding embedded in the colonial ideology shifted the burden on the victims and external factors rather than shaming the perpetrators. This underscores on the confluence between masculinity and racial superiority that have informed the contemporary state of humanitarian work. The mainstream representation of the Haiti incident is conflated with problems. The under-age victims were labelled as child prostitutes instead of labelling the white aid workers as sexual offenders for having sex with underage girls. Blaming the women in the countries of Haiti, Chad, Liberia amongst others amounts to a myopic understanding about the magnitude of the issue (Aid charities ordered to improve standards following Oxfam scandal). For women deprived of basic amenities in conflict prone zones, any opportunity to earn their food becomes an imperative. Therefore, this is a trap for these wome n and an opportunity to purchase pleasure by the aid workers in the guise of social work. Instead of gaining a deeper insight into the ordeals and lifeworld of these women and not busting the unequal, exploitative network of relationship that is emerging, there is a birds eye view of the situation (Haiti suspends Oxfam GB operations). People all over the world are conditioned to believe that these influential organizations are operating on a moral vacuum. The recent media outrage and uproar from the public is more about the money of the British taxpayers going to waste rather than addressing the genuine cause of the victims (Hornstein). Earlier, there has been a spate of sex scandals that emerged in the limelight but those were short-lived, thus highlighting the biased, unfair and vested interests of the civil society and the British citizens. Environmental impact on Oxfam Following the shameful incident, Oxfam has lost 7, 000 donors who have till now provided patronage to the organizations (Elgot and Karen). Golring has been worried about such a consequence and talked about how corporate donors are scrutinizing the incident to make their next decision. A report based on internal investigation compiled on 2011 found that seven employees have left the organization in the light of the scandal. Former country director of Oxfam, Hauwermeiren has resigned following his involvement in the sex abuse scandal and four staff members have been ordered to leave the organization. The internal inquiry unveiled that the witness to the incident have been threatened physically by three men who have been identified as abusers. Oxfam has been used of covering-up the incident. Since the spread of the news, 26 allegations of misconduct reports have emerged, out of which 16 incidents are associated with the international missions. Change Management model appropriate for the incident and proposed changes The analysis of the Oxfam incident has led me to adopt the ADKAR model of change management. This model is premised on a bottom-up approach that emphasizes on the individuals behind the change (Artman, Knut and Eric Jonsson). This model is befitting to the concerned situation as it involves all the stakeholders in the organization to be a part of the change through creating awareness among the employees about the motivation to change (Cameron and Mike). This should be done bringing together the different employees in the organizational hierarchy together and discuss with them the ways change will be implemented. In this case, weekly gender sensitization workshops and verbal feedbacks through discussion is a pragmatic step. The second step would be to inspire the members of the organization to remain committed to these proposed changes by continuously making them aware the inhumanness of exploiting the countries they are working. The knowledge step according to the ADKAR model will be utilized in this case by setting up an external committee who would keep a tab on the activities the employees and through an in-house counsellor. The multiple methods of the ADKAR model will enable me to come up different methods to address the issue based on the nature and intensity of the issues (Hayes). Accountability and checks-and-balance approach among the vertical and horizontal organizational hierarchy needs to be ensure with the aim to foster a more egalitarian and just organization. There is a need to protect the whistleblowers so that they feel emboldened to speak out about any misconduct violation within the organization. I would expect the Oxfam family to continuously meet with the employees and not solely depend on the chief executive and other authorities to carry out the task. I would exhort the Oxfam family to have conversations with the different employees to understand their concerns and at the same time to change the centralized authority in the organizational structure. The change would be initiated from April 5, 2018 and would continue for a period of three months followed by the valuation of the proposed change model. The Oxfam scandal has shook the world but such incidents are not new. In fact, these are located in the larger discourse of the white colonial worldview towards the poor, developing nations. They operate with the view that it is justified to engage in such frivolous activities due to their exacting nature of work. However, such an attitude not just spoils the image of accompany but it further tarnishes the image of social work and humanitarian service. This was evident in the loss of patronage and blow on the reputation of Oxfam on a global platform. The recommended changes might not turn out to be successful during its first time implementation. However, the essence of the bottom-approach is an urgent need considering the attitude of the contemporary humanitarian organizations towards their aid-work in the nations of the global south. I strongly feel that an enhanced accountability, checks-and- balance, establishment of an external committee to review the behaviour of the employees and periodic conversations between the different levels of the hierarchy looks promising for ushering in the much-needed change in the framework of social and humanitarian work. References Aid charities ordered to improve standards following Oxfam scandal".the Guardian, 2018. Online. Internet. 1 Apr. 2018. . Available: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/mar/05/aid-charities-ordered-to-improve-standards-following-oxfam-scandal. Artman, Knut, and Eric Jonsson. "Managing Change in the Warehouse. a structured change management methodology when implementing a warehouse management system."Master Thesis in Technology Management(2014). Cameron, Esther, and Mike Green.Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers, 2015. Easterly, William.The white man's burden: why the West's efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good. Tantor Media, 2017. Elgot, Jessica, and Karen McVeigh. "Oxfam loses 7,000 donors since sexual exploitation scandal".the Guardian, 2018. Online. Internet. 1 Apr. 2018. . Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/20/oxfam-boss-mark-goldring-apologises-over-abuse-of-haiti-quake-victims. Haiti suspends Oxfam GB operations".BBC News, 2018. Online. Internet. 1 Apr. 2018. . Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43163620. Hayes, John.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Hornstein, Henry A. "The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity."International Journal of Project Management33.2 (2015): 291-298. Kempadoo, Kamala. "The modern-day white (wo) mans burden: Trends in anti-trafficking and anti-slavery campaigns."Journal of Human Trafficking1.1 (2015): 8-20. "Oxfam International | The power of people against poverty".Oxfam.org, 2018. Online. Internet. 1 Apr. 2018. . Available: https://www.oxfam.org/en.

Music and Teens Today free essay sample

Today music Is a necessity in many peoples lives. People listen to music all the time, from students who listen to it while studying, to adults driving to work, and those who listen to music to plainly enjoy life. Personally, I am listening to tunes on random while writing this. My point is everyday, almost everyone will encounter music weather intentionally or voluntarily It surrounds us. Music Is used in many different ways; one people use It as an outlet of expression, another Is a way to let their feelings out, and lastly people use music to identify with who they are. Nowadays, music has a major impact on tens lives everywhere. Teens begin using music as ways of asserting their individuality and by breaking away from their parents and becoming more independent. Christenson (1994) feels that tens Interest in popular music Is showing their departure of their parents dependence and a new faithfulness in friendships among each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Teens Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With tens new need for music poses the question of how does popular music affect their well-beings. But does music diminish their conscience and cause them to Involve themselves on senseless acts of lenience and debauchery or is It something for them to relate to.Looking at children and their development, if pre-teens and children as young as first grade have shown interests in popular music (Christenson et al. ). In this research, of first to sixth graders the interest grew as their age did, as they got closer to adolescents their Interest grew. Baker (2001 ) did research on pre-teen girls and their attraction to popular music. She found that even though it seems that young girls are fascinated with the boy bands and normal top 40 songs, some of them are still interested in existing to songs with explicit lyrics.Even in children music poses as a building block In their mental development, as they reach adolescents It begins to form media exposure and Identities. Although most of popular music is considered violent and sexual it is still a major part of teenage development. Demo (1981) connects teenagers expose to popular music as an outlet to the media. While listening to music Is also a major part of the way they live. Teens listen to music while, doing homework, cleaning and driving. Teens also use music as therapy, to relieve my tension or take my mind of things tethering me. (Demo et Although Hansen and Hansen (1991) research show teens are using music as a television substitute and there is an increase In all forms of popular music this leading to more assumptions for the media to create. The Press today sees music lyrics as ways of provoking people into doing things that they arent supposed to. Rein and Springer (1986) agree with the fact that popular music is built upon aggression. Yet, Demos (et al. ) study of high school juniors, the ones who felt their parents did not care about them or their lives were more likely to be depressed, anxious, and disturbed. These teens are the ones school officials say are involved in vandalism and theft. Now, is it music the only factor in tens misbehaving or is it societys escape from of the truth. Media and society have used music many times to explain why a teen has done something he or she shouldnt have. Conscience (1996) believes there Is no proof of violent lyrics explaining people actions; the author uses an example of a Nevada lawsuit of two teens 1 OFF these suits were proved irrelevant and dismissed.The public does not hear that it is dismissed Just that the teens killed themselves because of the lyrics and not that the ease was dismissed. Another case where the media coverage failed to mention an essential detail was in Ohio when a boy was playing with fire and burned his families home done and in the process killing his two year old sister. In news reports, they claimed the boy was mocking Matss Bevies and Buttered, yet the report did not mention that the family did not have cable. Society receives these negative messages about aggressive music and tens decisions, and is able to make their assumptions about types of music with correct information. In a study done by Mitchell, Rubin, and West (2001) they researched the aggression, attitudes towards women and distrust patterns in music. The researchers looked at these negative effects and furthered their research by noting peoples music preferences and attitudes. They used a sample pool of 243 people and asked many questions regarding their anger, self-esteem to see how it relates to their music preferences.While the researchers hypothesis was that there would be higher rates of violence depending on what types of music one listens to, thinking that heavy metal and rap would have the highest numbers. In summary, the Journal of Mitchell, Rubin, and West (peg 26 et al. Is exploring the effects of popular music, mainly heavy metal and rap, and their underlining messages of violence and aggression, distrust, and aggr ession towards women. Music uses emotion to get responses from its audience whether it is positive or negative.According to the article people are angry listen to more destructive music. Also when one is listening to their music of preference they tend to listen to it with more emotions and read into the lyrics more Prior to Mitchell, Rubin and West (Peg 27-30 et al. ) researched popular music and emotions they explored previous research in the same topics and found lots of rumoring results. When looking at anger and emotions they found that, high school students experienced excitement, happiness, confidence, and love when listening to their favorite types of music. (2001, page) Yet when they listened to heavy metal and rock students had a tendency to show no emotion and were angry. But the also used this music off way to create high amounts of energy or to get pumped up. While seeking insight into self-esteem issues the authors saw that the people who listened to heavy metal had lower self-esteem. Music and attitudes studied how lyrics effected the music and the outcome of their preferences. When students were to describe their favorite songs some key factors came up; such as, love, friendship, growing up, and life struggles. (2001, peg. 27) When using music as therapy adolescents tend to find their friendship with others more trustworthy; while within that same group finding distrust in authority figures and government. Popular music follows patterns of, dominant ideologies system, parental controls, and other societal institutions. (2001, peg 27) Researchers also found aggression are theme among some types of popular music. Mitchell, Rubin, and White looked at a study done on country and rap music lyrics.Rap lyrics seemed to focus on gang fights, drive-by shootings, and general gang violence; while country musics trends were barroom fights, gay beatings, and general fights and beatings. Different studies the showed that in both of these genres that listeners behavior of elevated aggression and mood alteration were prominent in heavy metal and rock music. Lastly researchers looked at how types of music changed peoples attitudes towards Omen. Listeners of heavy metal were found to have less respect for women of authority and stereotyping of women. Mitch, Rubin, and West continued their study Ninth their own study.Mitchell, Rubin, and West (Peg 30-38 et al. ) surveyed 243 undergraduate students, Ninth 70. 4% of the group 21 and younger. By asking this group question about the music they listen to and the feeling they get while listening or after, to help prove their three hypotheses: HI : Frequency of listening to popular music will relate negatively to attitudes of trust. H2O: Rap and heavy-metal listeners will exhibit more aggression more aggressive tendencies than listeners of other popular music genres. HA: Heavy- metal listeners will exhibit negative attitudes toward women than listeners of other popular music genres. 2001, peg 30) rough the survey they posed several questions in a form of a scale so that the results could be read easier. The survey began with get feel of what genres of music people listen with listing the categories and then giving example of artist to give the students an idea of the types of music fit into the different categories. Nothing the survey they asked multiple questions about the same topic so the results Mould be more accurate. An example of these questions and the scale that was given is as follows, something makes me almost angry almost every day. (2001, peg 32) this question was scaled with 1- being completely nondestructive of me and 5- being completely descriptive of me. The entire survey was composed this way. Within the research done Mitchell, Rubin, and White (et al. ) hypotheses were not conclusive with their results. When looking at the results figuring out if there is a connection between popular music and peoples trust amongst one another; results Newer inconclusive to all people who listened to these forms of music had high indecencies of distrust. But in the category of Rap music there was significant evidence to show distrust in one another.In the results of the heavy metal genre, listeners showed to have more aggressive tendencies and a less regard for Omen, (2001. peg 36) helping prove the researchers hypothesis. However, this study does prove some of the original ideas the researchers posed, but the number of people questioned who listened to these genres made up very few of those surveyed. Out the people surveyed less than 20% of the pool listened to either heavy metal or rap. Only 45 out of the 243 in question listened to these, because of the small numbers, one answer off 5 could throw of the curve of the data.Therefore, this survey of students poled only slight prove these researchers points due to lack of numbers in the genres they were focusing on. This study helps when looking at how older teens and young adults look at music and how it makes them feel. Nevertheless, it failed to look into exactly how people and teens look at music. Personally, I went and surveyed 42 middle, high school and university teens around Albuquerque and asked them how music affects their Tyler of music the listened to, violent lyrics and if they affected them, their style and dress, and also how they felt about having music apart their lives.In the survey only four of those surveyed responded yes to acting violently because of music, and two of them were not violent act but were associated with drinking and the remaining two Newer a simple yes with no explanation. When the teens were asked about if they had acted violently because of the music they listen to, some responded, No, because I know its Just a song and music. While some responded, No I dont take music that errors to change me into a horrible person. With the majority of these teens knowi ng the difference of right and wrong and not allowing music to negatively influence their lives. When looking at what teens are listening to, 32 out of those surveyed admitted to owning or listening to CD with explicit lyrics. While 31 out of the 42 believe that the music they listen to have violent lyrics. Students quoted their music with lyrics like, Satin is my master, and If you open you mouth again I swear I am going to break it n, to mention a few. With teens listening to music with lyrics so dramatic, they are till able to differentiate between right and wrong by not participating in violent acts because of the music they are listening to.Students surveyed were then asked if music influenced the way they dress; with 20 out of the 42 responded that it did. Many of them gave examples of wearing band shirts as their style. One even got as specific as saying, l dont like pink or bright colors on them, (referring to band shirts). One even admitted that once he or she began listening to rock music they began wearing black more often, and even said, l Nasty preppy anymore. Through this I am able to see that teens will take music so strongly that they are willing to let it change how the dress, with little affect on their actions.Lastly, those surveyed were asked if they relate musical lyrics to there own lives; 33 out of 42 responded that yes they did or in some cases they do. This here is also proving Christenson (1994) ideas of children using music as an escape form their parents in transition to adulthood. By being able to use these lyrics in there own lives, teens are beginning to think for themselves and create a mental picture of their lives. Some students even said, Music makes me happy when I am sad, implying that music is their personal therapy, thus showing more independence.In closing the student were asked there over all of music and how it effects them. Most of the students responded with positive feedback. Many stated music is calming for them and helps relive stress. One student wrote, Music is way of expressing opinion and feelings. It is a way to release anger and stress even if the song itself is full of anger and stress. Other student said the music helps them work better, which goes with the ideas Demo (et al. Posed of teens using music to pass the time.Other students say that they can with out music, l cant live with out rock. Many of them plainly stated, l love music. Others attribute music to consuming their lives, Music consumes every aspect of my life whether thinking about it, playing or listening to it. However, there were still a few students who chose not to respond to this question or felt that it had no over all effect in their life. In conclusion, teens use music a stepping-stone of life. Many saying that they does something bad it is because of music.Bessel, Searcher, and Weidman (2003) cooked at when the Columbine tragedy happen how the media mention factors of blame on the killers listening to Marlin Manson, nonetheless these scholars also believe that the blame was placed falsely to insure social order would remain stable. Renee today are able to see what is right and wrong and differentiate between the two. However, if the media is willing to believe that they well have nothing to blame a troubled teen or person does something wrong and might happen to listen satanic forms of music. One my think that this is the truth we in actuality it is not.

Animosity and Affirmative Action

Animosity and Affirmative Action Affirmative Action are two words that can bring up an emotional debate on the validity of this policy. Affirmative Action are measures taken to allow minorities equal rights when it comes to being hired for a job or being promoted within a job. As its intended, Affirmative Action means that people from a particular group should enjoy special consideration or benefits when it comes to job placement. Im going to use firefighting as an example. Affirmative Action is the cause of difficulties in the firefighting hiring process. Because of the large number of minority applicants, including woman, getting hired as a firefighter is becoming increasingly difficult to accomplish for the white male because of the outdated Affirmative Action policy. As with many other outdated policies, Affirmative Action should be re-evaluated and possibly dismissed.Because our country is becoming so diverse, it is increasingly more difficult for companies, such as fire departments, who seek qualified employee s to maintain the Affirmative Action guidelines.Affirmative actionThere are just as many, if not more minorities in this country now than when Affirmative Action was established back in 1962. This policy is increasing the difficulties of hiring as many white male applicants than minority applicants.One example why Affirmative Action should be re-considered or dismissed is safety. Safety is the most important factor when training a firefighter. The civil service exam exists to evaluate the thinking process of applicants when it comes to safety among other things; therefore, someone who scores low on this exam could be compromising the safety of other firefighters on the job. Because fire departments have to hire one minority for every white male, they are forced to hire minority applicants who score a 72 percent on the exam versus white male applicants who score 100 percent. The result of hiring...

Community Learning Center Seminar Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Learning Center Seminar - Case Study Example Reason for referral: Needs protection from house of abode for the safety of self and unborn baby. 2. Personal History GC, a 22 year old female is pregnant at gestation of 18 weeks and living in a small apartment with her partner. Findings to questions re history and violence showed that she was physically abused as a child by her father until she left the household at the age of 14 to live with friends and then within 3 or 4 different relationships with boys. The patient has been in her current relationship for 4 years and her husband often ‘knocks her around’. She claims that on one occasion when neighbors came to her defense he had ‘badly bashed’ her and knocked her into a mirror whereupon she suffered bad lacerations and bruising and had to be hospitalized. The latest incident of physical abuse occurred the week prior to her visit to this office. On this occasion her partner had arrived home late at night very drunk and dragged her out of the bed on to th e floor and ‘started hitting and kicking her’. On further questioning the patient said that she was not happy in her marriage and lived in fear of being abused whenever her husband ‘got drunk’ or ‘took any drugs’. Her problem is that she has nowhere else to go and she fears not just for her own safety but for the safety of her unborn child.

Reasons for a Softening Insurance Market Assignment - 1

Reasons for a Softening Insurance Market - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that soft market conditions are likely to develop during periods of relatively low claim severity and frequency following hard market periods with opposite claim circumstances and re-insurers can command higher premium rates. During a soft market, a primary insurer such as Margin has more negotiating power in dealing with re-insurers than in a hard market. They can take advantage of this power by !) negotiating a premium reduction. 2) reduce their retention without an increase in cost or 3) obtain an increase in reinsurance covers at the same cost. Of the 3 alternatives, unless Margin feels they are already very well protected from catastrophic loss, option 1 should be the least favored one. Option 2 which I assume means keeping the same type of reinsurance but reducing their retention, I submit would be preferable because it would protect them better in case claims are more frequent and/or severe than anticipated. Option 3 I assume means con sidering also different types of reinsurance providing greater protection for the same cost. If so I think Margin should investigate this option. If they don’t already have stop-loss coverage for example perhaps this should be considered. As it protects their premium income if this can be obtained without additional cost. The bottom line for Margin is first of all for them to asses in a relatively worst-case scenario the number of claim costs it can safely bear without possibly going bankrupt, and then to consider the best type of reinsurance available for their portfolio, and cede beyond their retention to re-insurers at the lowest possible cost consistent with re-insurers’ good claim payment reputation and viability.

Giardia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Giardia - Essay Example Identification of the Disease Giardiasis is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Other common names are lambliasis and beaver fever. After infection with the parasite, the individual suffers a diarrheal infection after the first week (Berger, 2011). The infection has been categorized as a global problem because of its prevalence in many parts of the world. The name ‘beaver fever’ emerged after research indicated that the disease was common amongst backpackers and campers. The science community ascertained the link between the giardia parasite and the diarrheal infection in the 1970s, although they had known the parasite since the 17th century. The diarrheal infection does not present any mortality rates unless in individuals exhibiting a compromised immune system. Many of the people infected with the parasite have been reported to exhibit minimal symptoms. Other researches indicate that there are cases that are more serious, and the infection can cause diarrhea fo r about two weeks. Description of the Organism The parasite giardiasis is the causative agent of a common diarrheal infection that has existed for a long time. Van Leeuwenhoek discovered the parasite in 1681. Using microscope, he highlighted that the parasite exhibited slow movement, and had flagella that facilitated the movement. He also classified the parasite as one of the simple eukaryotes. Other scientists developed interest in the parasite in the centuries that followed, and sought to describe it further. From advanced studies, it became evident that Leeuwenhoek had observed the parasites in the trophozoite phase. This was after the discovery that the parasite exhibited two different stages of life. According to the findings of 1880, it became evident that the parasite had both the trophozoite cysts stages (Parker & Parker, 2004). During the cyst stage, the flagella were invisible. Scientists have described the cyst stage as a dormant phase in which the parasite forms a protec tive wall around itself. This wall makes the parasite resistant to temperature changes, osmotic differences, pollution, and nutritional shortage. Further studies revealed that the cysts have the potential to remain viable for long periods without the having access to water and food. Usually, this serves as the infective stage of the parasite as many people get the infection from swallowing water infested with cysts. After entry into the gastrointestinal tract, the parasite moves from the cyst into the trophozoite stage. In this stage, the parasite engages in obtaining nutrients in the intestines and reproduces. The flagella are visible during this phase of Giardia (Russell and Cohn,2013). Biologists have described the trophozoite as having the ability to attach to the intestinal villi, where they depend on mucosal secretions for nutrition. In size, the trophozoites are 9-21 micrometers long, 5-15 micrometers wide, and 2-4 micrometers in thickness. When viewed under the microscope, t hey depict a pear shape that has a round end on the anterior side, two nuclei, as well as two distinctive median rods. The trophozoite also exhibits motion with the four pairs of flagella evident on each cell. In its ventral body, the organism has an adhesive disc that facilitates its attachment to the intestines. The organism reproduces by asexual binary fission, with the production of a new generation every five hours. Some trophozoites detach themselves from the intestines and

Reflective Writing for Learning Disability Nurse

Reflective Writing for Learning Disability Nurse Summary reflection –Modules 5 9 Working as a learning disability nurse, poses a career fraught with many interesting and often frustrating challenges. However, this is a population that cannot be ignored or slighted medically just because they present with special needs (DOH 2001). Emerson et al. (2001) state that 2.5 – 3% of the population in the UK are among the learning disabled, with 30% of these individuals presenting with categorically severe or profound learning disabilities. Emerson et al. (2001) also tell us that frequently multiple learning disabilities present in the same individual, including physical and/or sensory impairments, physical or sensory disability and/or behavioural difficulties. The five modules presented an opportunity to explore various aspects of this specialty area and reflect on the experience on a module by module basis. The act of revisiting the individual reflection pieces to present the current summary essay allowed for not only intellectually experiencing what I wrote, but it also allowed me to re-experience each situation and gain a new appreciation for the patients I worked with, the teams I took part in, the pros and cons of each situation and what I have learned that will be immediately applicable to a real world work environment. Importance of reflection Driscoll and Teh (2001) tell us that practitioners can gain a stronger understanding about various interventions and protocols used, as well as reviewing the situation specifics of each incident, through the process of reflection. In particular, Foster (1985) stressed the importance of using a journal for purposes of written reflection on nursing practices and procedures in order to help clarify issues and make them more real and visual. Gardiner and Lawley (1995) believe that self awareness, one of the outcomes of nursing reflection, can enable staff to recognise the skills they employ and add meaning to their interactions with peers, team members and clients/patients. There were many positives and negatives I experienced on a module by module basis, but in summary, these will be presented thematically. Achievements Module Five offered the opportunity to gain insight into the lifestyle experienced by those with learning disabilities. Similarly, Module Seven provided much needed and interesting information on the role of special health needs observed in those with special needs. This enabled me to make a difference for a client with diabetes through the development of a health care action plan that included the client’s smoking cessation; something the social worker assigned to the case was no knowledgeable of. It was quite exciting to improve my communication skills throughout the five modules. For example, I was able to improve my rapport with other colleagues and various multidisciplinary healthcare professionals as well as clients as I achieved Module Nine communication based learning objectives. Godsell and Scarbrough (2006) comment communication skills are essential for healthcare practitioners. I believe they are even more critical for those working with the learning disabled. Another example was the ability to communicate effectively myself and help others, such as residential home management, communicate with a specific autistic client experiencing difficulty in choosing daily activities based on his disability. I was able to include this client in the decisions made which is critical to empowering the client with a sense of self. Similarly, during Module Five, I worked with a cerebral palsy client who was screaming due to discomfort; that was her mode of communication, which at th e time I failed to recognise, but upon reflection now know actions as well as words are important modes of communication for those with learning disabilities. Shortcomings In general, a major negative I encountered was feeling I was used as â€Å"the help† rather than as a student nurse during my placement. This limited my ability to contribute and to grow personally and professionally. This was particularly evident during Module Five. Similarly, during Module Eight I was faced with a situation creating a significant amount of stress with no stress management advice or training opportunities from which to learn how to effectively cope. Contrary to Davidson’s (2001) research, there were no in-house stress management training opportunities to take advantage of. There was a sharp discrepancy in Module Nine when reviewing the Valuing People (2001) discourse in relation to people with learning disabilities (PWLD) between what was written in the document and what I experienced at work; whereas the document stresses the rights inherent for all people be extended to PWLD, it was my experience that daily patients and clients were denied access to services due to budgetary measures rather than expressing interest in people’s rights to quality healthcare and a quality standard of life. Gates (2003) tells us those with learning disabilities have rights and should be encouraged to attain respect and reach their potential. Challenges/Learning opportunities One of the main challenges I experienced in the module series, particularly with Module Five, was relating theory to practice. However, through additional research and self motivated learning I was able to bridge the gap. I also experienced a number of personal and professional challenges that I believe helped me become a stronger person and future professional. For example, at the beginning of Module Six, my mentor informed me he would not be available to me. This was very frustrating and upsetting as I knew without the help of a mentor, it would be very difficult to achieve the specific learning objectives outlined. However, I was able to turn this situation into a positive by becoming an active contributor to my own educational process by learning, understanding and solving real life problems (Kaufman, Mann Jennet 2000). Similarly, in Module Nine, I found several of the teaching styles challenging, but that helped to develop my research skills and allow me to make contributions in the group and EBL sessions. This also helped to develop my learning and presentation skills. An additional challenge in Module Nine was situation I encountered when viewing a medication administration concern at work. While I informed my manager of the situation, the team had a negative reaction rather than positive which would have been consistent with concern over patient/client care. Thomas, Mason and Ford (2003) tell us it is difficult for workers to become whistleblowers, especially in situations related to patient/client care or maintaining standards of care. This was an even more difficult challenge for me as I was only a student with limited status in the work environment. This was similar to the situation I found myself in during Module Seven when the community care social worker appeared to be neglecting the client’s diabetes, which is inconsistent with the General Social Care Council (2002) code of practices. I felt I was caught in the middle being a student making suggestions and pointing out care inconsistencies. Through the increased communication skills I developed, I was able to participate with the social worker in the role Gates (2003) identified as a learning disability nurse educator and facilitate changes. In conclusion, through the combined effects of achieving the modules’ learning objectives, reflection on the positive and negative events as well as challenges I encountered throughout modules 5 – 9 have enhanced my skill development of working with the learning disabled, improved my problem solving skills, allowed for improved communicative ability both on interdisciplinary teams as well as working with learning or developmentally challenged persons. The added use of written reflection as a tool will further my ability to transfer these skills into practice in my future placement and allow me to be effective in my nursing capacity on day one of my engagement. References Davidson, J. 2001. Stress management: Minute 10 guide. New York: Macmillan, USA. Department of Health. 2001. Valuing People: A new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. White Paper CM5086. Great Britain. Driscoll, J Teh, B. 2001. The potential of reflective practice to develop individual orthopaedic nurse practitioner and their practice. Journal of Orthopedic Nursing, 5, 95 – 103. Emerson, E, Hatton, C, Felce, D Murphy, A. 2001. Fundamental facts. London: The Foundation of People with a Learning Disability. Gates, B. 2004. Learning disabilities: Towards inclusion (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. General Social Care Council. 2002. Code of Practice for Social Care Workers and  Code of Practice for Employers of Social Care Workers. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.gscc.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8E693C62-9B17-48E1-A806-3F6F280354FD/0/CodesofPractice.doc [Accessed 20 September 2008]. Godsell, M Scarbrough, K. 2006. Improving communication for people with learning disabilities. Nursing Standards, 20(30), 58 – 68. Kaufman, DM, Mann, KV Jennet, P. 2000. Teaching and learning in medical education: How theory can inform practice. London: Association for the Study of Medical Education Monograph. Gardiner, A Lawley, K. 1995. Health and social care: Longman advanced GNVQ test and assessment guide. London: Longman Publishing Group. Thomas, A, Mason, L Ford, S. 2003. Care management in practice for the registered manager award: Essential reading for all care managers (2nd ed). Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers

A Human For Nature Essay example -- Essays Papers

A Human For Nature When looking at the issue of humans and nature throughout history, one significant figure stands out in my mind: Theodore Roosevelt. Without him, the most beautiful and serene places in North America may have been destroyed or fallen to the hands of developers. Development and conservation of land have been issues that we have faced since Europeans first landed in America. Today, environmental issues are a concern that any contending political candidate must address. In focusing on Theodore Roosevelt, we will find a basis for preservation in America. We will also explore some of the preservation actions that take place in our world today. The original forests in the United States covered an extremely large amount of land. It is estimated that forests took up roughly 1 billion acres of land, including Alaska5. The first to manipulate the land were the Native Americans who used tools and fire to convert the land to their needs. Areas were cleared for villages and growing crops while acres were also burned to make travel easier and improve hunting conditions. As Europeans arrived on the continent, the lands changed even more dramatically. The Colonists saw the forest as both a never ending resource, and an obstacle for using the land for farming purposes. Still, lumber quickly became one of America’s first exports along with fur which also depended heavily on the forest. As time passed, the population of America grew very rapidly. With a growing population more and more forests were converted for agricultural purposes. By the 1840’s "Manifest Destiny" had become popular, and the government thought transfer of public lands to private ownership as the best way to utilize the continents many resources. Around t... ...f thinking as he stated, "The lands that I have worked to set aside are not for my purpose, I did it for my children." Bibliography 1 Collins, Michael L. That damned cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West. New York: P. Lang, 1989. 2 Eaton, Pamela. "Setting Aside Pieces of the Wild." Denver Post, 21 February 1999, sec.C, p. 1-4. Database on-line. Available from Lexis-Nexis. 3 Kriz, Margaret. "Much Less Awful." The National Journal, 16 January 1999, sec. Environment, p. 96. Database on-line. Available from Lexis-Nexis. 4 Lorant, Stefan. The Life & Times of Theodore Roosevelt. 1st edition. New York: Double Day, 1959. 5 Locke, Timm. The state of the forest: an historical perspective. Information Access Company, 1997. Thompson Corporation Company. Database on-line. Available from Lexis- Nexis Academic Universe.

What is Judaism according to Heschel?

According to Rabbi Heschel Judaism was that whenever somebody mentioned the name Judaism, it was like taking about either somebody citing a poem, God the father or someone who lived a spiritual life. Since many people believed that without God everything is impossible, Heschel tried to come out clearly that people need to be strong in faith despite all the difficulties they are going through. He also stressed out that everyone should be able to live peacefully with each other by forgiving one another whenever there is a problem between them. (Merkel, 1985, p. 2) (Heschel, 1985). The word of God was for everyone no matter what they do, where they come from or whatever language they speak. One way of making people understands the word of God was to write and come out clearly about religious teachings. They were also being taught how to live in harmony and how to confess to one another whenever there is a problem among them. (Merkel, 1985, p. 3) (Heschel, 1985). According to Heschel, Torah’s ways of giving out ideas or explanations about Judaism was like a reflection of what has been happening in our daily lives as it was written in the bible. God the Father also appears as a very bright light to show people that they should believe and have faith in Him all the time. (Merkel, 1985, p. 4) (Heschel, 1985). Heschel join one of the spiritual congregations where he became more spiritual and strong in faith. This attracted very many people as it was a good example of a Jesus follower. It also made many people to listen, understand and believe in the word of God. (Merkel, 1985, p. 5) (Heschel, 1985). Rabbi was so much into Christianity that he could not have time to come together with other people in his congregation. This made the people of his congregation to say that he was over doing the work of Christianity. He also tried to make people have peace, love, and unity and go as far celebrating mass as a sign of commitment to God. . (Merkel, 1985, p. 6) (Heschel, 1985). Everyone was to understand the word of God in the right way and apply in their daily life. This was made to encourage the weak people who were not strong in faith to be able to participate in duties that strengthen their faith. The difficulties that the people of Israel experience on Mount Sinai were a big challenge for them in their life. This is because from there is when man had really believed that God do exist. (Merkel, 1985, p. 7) (Heschel, 1985). He brought the image of God as he appears to Moses on Mount Sinai. This is when Moses’ people had no faith in God and started worshipping other gods. God became angry and appeared to Moses and gave him the Ten Commandments that could guide and make his people believe and trust in God. The Ten Commandments were written so that everyone should believe that all the writings were truly from Jesus but not Moses. (Merkel, 1985, p. 8) (Heschel, 1985). Moses is also portrayed as good leader because he is seen leading his people from Israel to Misery as per instructions given by God. This is when God appeared to him as burning bush when he was looking after the cattle. By then they had no commandments to follow but they still believed in God as their creator and source of inspiration in their life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 9) (Heschel, 1985). As it is seen in the bible that by the time God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, his people had already lost their faith and started worshipping other gods. This made it very difficult for Moses to make all of them believe in the Ten Commandments given the God. It implies that not all Moses’ people accepted the Ten Commandments. That, s why there are always new laws every generation. (Merkel, 1985, p. 10) (Heschel, 1985). Though there were some people who disagreed with Moses as he gave them the Ten Commandments, majority believed on the Ten Commandments that made many generations that comes after them to accept and follow the Ten Commandments as it was meant to strengthen people’s faith in their daily life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 1) (Heschel, 1985). People should be in a position to understand and believe in Jesus’ signs as it was written in the bible. They need to accept that even though they can’t see some of these things happening now, they had already happened before and their fore fathers believed in them. So it’s a big challenge to them to accept the reality of the past. (Merkel, 1985, p. 12) (Heschel , 1985). As it is written in the bible that when Jesus went to Cana and wine got finished during the wedding, He asked for water and turned it into wine for the people who were in the wedding. And also when there was a lot of wind when he was with James and John in a boat, He stopped the wind. These two signs show that God is always there for his people and He will always present in them wherever they go. (Merkel, 1985, p. 13) (Heschel, 1985). It is good to believe in what you understand best than to believe in what you don’t know. This only comes out when you really accept, believe and have faith in the scriptures of the bible. You should be able to relate the scriptures of the bible into your daily life and try to practice them in your life because this is only way to strengthened your faith. Merkel, 1985, p. 14) (Heschel, 1985). Moses was one of the most prominent leaders that God used to show people the right way of life that will remain a remembrance in life to everyone. These are written in the bible so that everyone can understand whatever happened in the past during the reign of their fore fathers. (Merkel, 1985, p. 15) (Heschel, 1985). It is also important to preach or translate the scriptures of the bible according what was written rather than preaching the things which do not exist to people. This is because whatever is being taught now will remain as a history for the coming generations. They should understand that the scriptures of the bible are holy words from God the father but just a normal human being. (Merkel, 1985, p. 16) (Heschel, 1985). God communicated to his people through the scriptures by sending prophets to perform various signs. This can be seen as he ordered Abraham to sacrifice his only son, appearing to Moses as burning bush, saving his disciple from drowning during the strong wind and raising Larus from death after four days. All these events remain as a history to every generation that comes and it will always be there to guide them in their life. (Merkel, 1985, p. 17) (Heschel, 1985). The covenant between God and Moses on Mount Sinai was a sign of an agreement between the people of Israel and God. It made easier for the people of Israel to communicate to God and adored Him as their only savior. So for the people of Israel to communicate to God they had to understand the scripture, translate it and relate to their daily life. Merkel, 1985, p. 18) (Heschel, 1985). The covenant made on Mount Sinai lead to various activities to be performed by man. This is where man had to obey the holy Sunday, do not kill, do not steal, obey their parents so that you can live longer, believe in God all the time and always standing firm to tell truth. Even the people of Israel went as far as fasting in order to strengthen their faith which remained as history to all the coming generations. (Merkel, 1985, p. 19) (Heschel, 19 85). When Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai, it does not mean it was the end of everything that God had to give his people. It implies that the door was still open for more teachings in the future. This encourages people to believe and trust in God as their only comforter during the trial moments in their lives. (Merkel, 1985, p. 20) (Heschel, 1985). The bible was not written as book to be read but as scripture to guide people in their lives. It was supposed to be read, understand the meaning of the scriptures and translate and then preach the right words of God to the people. This would inspire many people to read the scriptures of the bible and know the reason why Jesus sacrificed to suffer on their behalf. (Merkel, 1985, p. 21) (Heschel, 1985). As seen that it is very easier for the people to live as God’s people when they both understand the bible very well. Therefore it is good to make people believe in Jesus as their only guidance in life. When you follow the right path that is God’s foot steps, you will find life interesting and encouraging no matter what difficulties you may be going through. It also makes man become a strong Christian which remains as an example to his forth coming generations. (Merkel, 1985, p. 22) (Heschel, 1985). Jesus loves the world so much that he bled and died for the human kind. So it is the work of the man to be able to follow God’s commandments in order to fulfill God’s promises. It does mean that God made it so difficult for the man not to enjoy life but to have good life both in the world and in heaven. That is why Jesus forbids man not to do some of the things in life. It is not a punishment but a lesson to prepare them for both life in the world and the kingdom of God. (Merkel, 1985, p. 23) (Heschel, 1985). Everyone should be able to carry his own cross when it comes to serving God because you will be judged according your own deeds but not on the behalf of someone else. Man must be able to know the scriptures of the bible so that it can able to apply it any time in his or her life. This will also help people to have time worship God because everyone is a position to read and interpret whatever information which is in the bible. Merkel, 1985, p. 24) (Heschel, 1985). Conclusion: Judaism is all about the past events that happened during the reign of the prophets like Moses, Elijah and Abraham. These are the days when God used to communicate to man through prophets. The prophets could see God in visions, signs and symbols then go and communicate to the people according what they have seen in their visions or symbols they had received. They had to exp lain all the details of what God told them. So that is how man communicated to god in older days.

Ipso Facto and Other Factos

Ipso Facto and Other Factos Ipso Facto and Other Factos Ipso Facto and Other Factos By Maeve Maddox It was probably a typo, or a spell checker correction gone wrong, but this caption under a photo in a newspaper movie section startled me into a post: Corsican crime boss Cesar (Niels Arestrup) is the de factor head of the prison in which Malik (Tahar Rahim) finds himself in Jacques Audiards A Prophet. The correct spelling is de facto. As a legal term, de facto is usually opposed to the term de jure. de facto [dÄ ­ fÄÆ'ktÃ… ,]: in fact, in reality, in actual existence, force, or possession, as a matter of fact. de jure [dÄ“ jÊŠrÄ“]: of right, by right, according to law. Here are examples of de facto used on the web: De facto disenfranchisement has devastating long-term effects in communities across the country. Remember: A de facto parent is not the same as a parent. One very widespread phenomenon that calls strongly upon the conscience of the Christian community today is the growing number of de facto unions in society as a whole, with the disaffection for the stability of marriage that this entails. Heres one with de jure: The Supreme Court first approved of de jure segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Heres an example that contains both de facto and de jure: Outside the ministries, alongside the baby blue of the UN ï ¬â€šag, stands the black double headed eagle and blood red backdrop of the Albanian ï ¬â€šag, Kosovo’s de facto ï ¬â€šag†¦ Perhaps the only thing that is clear in Kosovo is that there is a huge divide between the de jure status of this piece of land and the de facto reality on the ground. Two other facto terms are ipso facto and ex post facto. ipso facto [Ä ­psÃ…  fÄÆ'ktÃ… ]: By that very fact; by the fact itself. If you grow up in Brooklyn, youre a New Yorker ipso facto. - Norman Mailer It’s Cold! Ipso Facto, Global Warming is a Myth, Fraud, Scam. ironic headline In 1883, on the death of Pusey, [Samuel Driver] became Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford and (ipso facto) a Canon of Christ Church. People apparently love the sound of ipso facto. The phrase is popular with entertainment groups and merchants. Ipso Facto is a great new shop in Three Oaks, Michigan. Ipso Facto Gothic Industrial Punk fashion and music webstore featuring gothic dresses, gothic shirts, gothic skirts In 1986 Wayne left Shangoya and started a band named Ipso Facto Ipso Facto was an overlooked, esoteric gothic band from the UK in the 80s. ex post facto [Ä•ks pÃ… st fÄÆ'ktÃ… ]: Done after another thing, and operating retroactively. The term is usually used in reference to a law that would punish a person for having done something that was not against the law when it was done. 2008 Alaska Rules Ex Post Facto Registration Unconstitutional The Constitution provides important safeguards against government regulation of private conduct in both the civil and criminal contexts – including the Ex Post Facto Clause, which protects against the retroactive application of laws. Scotusblog The Lautenberg Amendment has faced several challenges in federal court. Opponents of the law have argued that the amendment violates the †¦ Ex Post Facto Clause†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Awoken or Awakened?What the Heck are "Peeps"?

beyond freedom and dignity essays

beyond freedom and dignity essays In B. F. Skinners book, Beyond Freedom s point of view. That is, a point of view where man is viewed primarily as an animal, the "being" aspect of a "human being" is dropped from the picture. There is no consideration for a view of man who has mind that observes, chooses, decides and initiates action upon the environment. Basically, Skinner insinuated the idea that man has no personality, free will, responsibility, and that contemporary concepts of freedom and dignity can not be realistically applied to life experiences. I consider the question that if it is the natural stimuli that control the actions of humans, who controls the natural stimulus? Subsequently, if the natural stimuli are randomly occurring, that means that all things experienced by humans are at best, by chance or luck. I will first discuss parts of Skinners theories before I state my opinion on the validity of his work. Skinners entire system of experimentation was based on operant conditioning. While trying to comprehend Skinners explanation of operant conditioning, I visualized a person getting knocked around in a pin-ball machine. This person bouncing around in a pin-ball machine represents the idea of reaction, that is, to everything it would come into contact with. From Skinners point of view, those things a person would come in contact with are the stimulus, or the reinforcers. Specifically, the stimulus has the ability to increase the operant, or the behavior taking place right before the stimulus. Additionally, Skinner believed that the behaviors following the stimulus are consequences. Whether good or bad, those consequences have the ability to affect the tendency for a person to repeat the action. Skinner also discussed a different kind of stimulus, aversive stimulus, or something that is found uncomfortable and ...

COmpare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

COmpare and Contrast - Essay Example ast four cases that include Lindile Mbotya v Minister of Police, Lamula et al v Minister of Police, Mhando v Attorney General and Another, and Gervas v Said Mohamed Ndeteleni. Lindile Mbotya v Minister of Police is a South African case that was decided in the High Court of South Africa, Eastern Cape Division of Port Elizabeth. Lindile Mbotya (Plaintiff) sued the Minister of Police (Defendant) for an alleged unlawful arrest and detention seeking damages in the region of 250,000 South African Rand. The plaintiff sued based on the fact that the arrest and detention was done without probable cause and that it was malicious. A member of the South African Police Services did the arrest in the employ of the defendant. The defendant refuted the allegations stating that the plaintiff was arrested and detained lawfully in accordance with the provisions of Section 40(1) (b) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 based on the arresting officer’s suspicion that the plaintiff had committed an offence. was within the confines of the law in exercising his discretion to arrest the plaintiff. The high court ruled in favor of the plaintiff based on aspects such as unlawful arrest and the circumstances that led to the deprivation of liberty, for instance improper motive, and harsh conduct of the arresting officers. The damages were awarded not to enrich the plaintiff but to offer solatium for the injury caused and also based on the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Mhando v Attorney General and Another is a similar case to the above case in the sense that Mhando (Plaintiff) sued the Attorney General and Another (Defendant) for wrongful arrest, detention and prosecution by the police and sought damages for that. The case was also held in a High Court, but at Dare salaam in Tanzania. Unlike in the above case, the defendant here filed a written statement of defense and also followed it by a notice of preliminary objection that the suit was time barred. Unlike the first case,

Information Systems in Business and Organizations Case Study

Information Systems in Business and Organizations - Case Study Example Schwegman claims that the oversimplified language was used because he knew he was dealing with non-technical people, but the pessimistic tone and the wealth of information shared proved to be poor organizational politics. In contrast to the pessimism of CIOs, other C-level executives and business partners have the tendency to be optimistic. Schwegman overlooked this fact and did not write his letter with a tone that would appeal to such individuals. According to Finney (1999), "A successful IS professional must determine which environment he or she is operating in-then be sensitive to the unwritten rules and act accordingly. Too often, an eager system builder begins to slip into a state the he or she is working toward the 'greater good', and then lose sight of the information politics. Rather, the IS professional must work from the business client's perspective-even if the longer term objective is to move to a new information political state. Once the current political state has been identified, the politics of change can begin." The above is what happened in Schwegman's case. ... This sent off a panic when it was taken externally. Schwegman thought he was doing the right thing. He was being open and honest about system failures. Furthermore, he had decided to take the heat for them. Had the letter only gone to individuals inside the company, the reaction might not have been so bad. However, the letter went to business partners whom definitely do not want to hear bad news such as that shared in the letter. This is definitely not to say that Schwegman should have lied, but he should have taken into consideration who was going to read the letters and adjusted his language, tone, and amount of information shared according to those facts. According to Strassman (2005, pg. 1), "If the CIO does not have the authority to set and execute information management policies, information technology cannot be sufficiently important in a company or other organization. Without an empowered CIO, accountability for technology will be diffused and unfocused." Clearly, this is not the case when it comes to Schwegman. He quite obviously has the authority to set and execute information management policies or he would not have the notion to take the responsibility for any problems that have popped up. Furthermore, if he did not have the power, the letter would not have received the reaction that it did. Take, for instance, the wording of Schwegman's letter (Schuman, 2005, pg. 1): I'll start by saying that the vast majority of system problems we have are problems related to updates," Schwegman wrote. "These update problems have been manifesting themselves as inventory update failures, missing orders, missing images, incorrect status synchs, etc. At the end of the day, all of

Linguistic Commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linguistic Commentary - Essay Example As Professor Christopher John Poutain (2005) explains it, there can be three types of linguistic acceptable variations: "Acceptability may vary with a number of factors, including place (DIATOPIC variation), social group (DIASTRATIC variation) or time (DIACHRONIC variation)." In the present case, we have a diastratic variation as the boss represents a social group a lot different from the workers' group. We can see that their Spanish is quite different even though they seem to understand each other very well. As we know, the concept of linguistic competence means in pragmatic terms that there is no register better than others as long as communication is established among them. In this fragment we can note a great difference between the boss' Spanish and the workers' Spanish. Spanish is a language of constant changes as Professor John M. Lipski (n. d.) stated in one of his papers: "Spanish -a language spoken on every continent- is the product not only of its Peninsular heritage and of internal evolution, but also of a variety of language contacts, with indigenous languages, languages of forced immigration (the slave trade), and of voluntary immigration." The present fragment is a good example of the many changes that Spanish has experienced along the years. Another distinctive feature of this fragment is the vocalization and th... The boss also uses some of this broken Spanish words when he changes his register. An interesting feature is the pejorative language used by the administrator: "rotos de michica" (l. 7), "fuerino sinvergenza" (l. 17), "sinvergenzas" (l. 18). As he is mad, he uses this kind of language as a way of getting even on the workers. On the other hand, the use of colons speeds up the narrative in lines 25, 26 and 27. The narrator is omniscient. It is narrated in the third person singular. The register of the narrator's speech is standard Spanish. In lines 20 and 21 the narration is very agile: "como un mvil punto obscuro que alejndose se empequeeca". It is also very graphic as we can see the little dot getting smaller with the precise wording of the narrator. This fragment has two distinct parts: one narrative part and one dialogues part. The narration is very concise and explanatory as it gives interesting details of the motives behind the dialogues. It is also very descriptive, especially when it says in lines 12-14 the following: "hablaba ahora a Segundo, que entontecido por su mirada roja de ira, con movimiento de pndulo mova acompasadamente el cuerpo." In these lines we can see the use of a very appropriate metaphor: "pendulum's movement", when referring to the oscillating movement of Segundo's body. The narrator also makes emphasis on the wrath of the administrator. He says that his "glance was red by the wrath" (l. 13), and this image is very graphic and quite appropriate to describe the mood of the boss. But it is relevant to note that there is a change in the color of his glance due to the same wrath. In line 13 it is red,

Arthur Miller creates dramatic tension Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller creates dramatic tension Essay The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It starts when Parris, the local- and rather unpopular- reverend in Salem discovers his daughter Betty, niece Abigail and many other young women from the village dancing and chanting in the forest, led by his slave Tituba. Tituba is from the West Indies, so has a set of traditions and beliefs which seem very alien to the Puritan citizens of Salem. When Betty and another girl involved in the dancing dont wake up the next day, and just lie in a trance-like state, there are rumours of witchcraft afoot. With the arrival of Hale, an open- minded but overly righteous witch- hunter, Abby and Tituba claim to have been possessed by the spirits of witches in Salem. Abby, along with some other girls, start accusing many people. Those who confess to devil worship are saved; those who do not are charged to be hanged. In court, the girls faint, and claim to have terrible pains and see horrific visions, all induced by the witch on trial. Their tactics are powerful, so those conducting the proceedings do not really consider they may be faking. Also, no one dares express sympathy for those charged, for fear of being accused themselves. As Abby and the other girls become court officials, people are wary of crossing them. Abby is a very overpowering character. She is seventeen and ravishingly beautiful. Whilst working as a maid for Elizabeth Proctor, she had an affair with her husband John. Abby still has feelings for him, and consequently despises his wife Goody Proctor. In the forest, she cast a spell to try and kill her. The affair has created a lot of tension between the married couple, and it seems John has never quite won back his wifes trust. When the couples maid, Mary Warren, reveals that Elizabeths name has been mentioned in court when witchcraft was being discussed, Goody Proctor is desperate for John to appeal to the court before she is formally charged. This is because Abby revealed to Proctor there was no witchcraft involved in Bettys trance-like state, claiming, She just took fright, is all. Proctor is a highly passionate man, who can be hot-headed. He has to live with the terrible guilt of his affair, which he greatly regrets. He still has feelings for Abby, but he is too ashamed of his weakness in character to do anything about them, seeing what the initial affair did to his relationship with his wife. He still loves Elizabeth, but succumbed to the beautiful girl who had been a temptation to him whilst his wife was ill. When Hale arrives at their house to question the couple, Proctor questions Hale to see whether he has considered the fact the girls might be lying, and reveals what Abby told him. This appears to send Hale into turmoil. Before Proctor has a chance to make an official complaint, Cheever arrives with an arrest warrant for Elizabeth. She is one of sixteen arrested, along with other respected women like the godly Rebecca Nurse. Giles Coreys wife, Martha, is arrested because he informed Hale he found it difficult to pray when she was reading. Proctors servant Mary knows Abby is making false accusations, so he forces her to tell the court officials of this the next day. Act Three takes place in a courtroom. It is the site where many have been condemned to die and many horrific accusations have been made, so there is already an ominous atmosphere. It is then that we are introduced to Danforth, a court judge with a very rigid view. Proctor, Corey and Frances Nurse, husband of the condemned Rebecca, are all anxious to prove their wives innocence. Mary Warren has come to admit she was faking, but she is petrified about speaking out against Abby and the possible consequences. When it is revealed Elizabeth is pregnant, and therefore will not be hanged for around a year at least, Proctor is given the option of accepting this and doing no more. However, he feels he has to save the others who have been charged as well. To Danforth, this seems to suggest Proctor is just trying to undermine the court rather than just save his wife, as he initially claimed. To us, it is evidence of Proctors bravery and conscience. Hale, who has in the past acted quite righteously and tried to root out witches, finally sees that Abby may be lying. He decides to support Proctor, which might put pressure on Danforth to accept that some of the condemnations were untrue. If Danforth admits this, however, he will be publicly disgraced, as he will be seen as responsible for the deaths of many innocent citizens, based on juvenile, callous accusation. The climax of the scene is brought about by Abbys quick- thinking. She is relieved when Elizabeth lies about the affair, and sees the moment as her chance to turn the situation to her favour. She, and subsequently the other girls, claim to see a yellow bird, possessed by the spirit of Mary Warren. Abby does this to pressurise Mary into lying again, to avoid being condemned as a witch. The scene becomes highly charged as Proctor and the others struggle to convince Danforth the girls are faking, Abby becomes more hysterical and Mary is in a dilemma about whether she should listen to her conscience and risk being condemned or lie to save herself. There is conflict between Mary Warren and Abby. Before all the witchcraft incidents, Abby was very dominant in her relationship with Mary, possibly resenting the fact Mary took her job when Elizabeth discovered the relationship between Abby and John. As Mary is used to be treated like an inferior, she is scared to speak out against Abby. Abby seems to be the more intelligent and powerful of the two, and Mary is afraid that if her claim against Abby is deemed a lie, then Abby will find a way to get back at her. Tension is created as Mary is under pressure from Proctor to admit she and the other girls lied and contributed to the execution of innocent villagers. In contrast, Abby is desperate for Mary to keep lying to avoid being exposed. As the audience, we are tense to see if Mary will overcome or succumb to the peer pressure. When Abby claims to see a yellow bird, this forces Mary into a decision to support her rather than Proctor. She is close to being tried as a witch and has to find a way to shift the blame, which is basically the foundation of all the trials. There is also a sense that her will is simply overpowered by Abbys will. The characters in this scene are all very important, and all contribute to the tense atmosphere. There is lots of conflict between them, causing a feeling of suppressed emotions that are being forced out. In particular, there is conflict between Proctor and Abby, and this is complicated by the fact that we know that Proctor is both physically attracted to and yet hates Abby. When Proctor admits to the affair he has so strenuously kept secret before, it shows the depth of the battle between him and Abby. Miller uses dramatic irony in this scene. We, as the audience, know that Proctor, Corey and Nurse are telling the truth and so we see through Abbys act and want the truth to prevail. However, characters such as Hale and Danforth have no evidence either way, but are perhaps pre-disposed to believe Abby as they have executed people on her word (and would lose face if it became known she was lying). Miller plays with us, and builds up the tension, by alternately giving us cause to hope that the truth will be revealed and to fear that it will not. For example, there are times when we are led to hope that Danforth will give credit to what he is told by Mary, as, contrary to what Parris advises, he does hear her out, and, in response to Parris immediate denunciation, states, it strike hard upon me that she will dare to come here with such a tale. Similarly, there are times when Hales response gives hope. He admits to always having had doubts about Abby. However, we lose hope when Danforth orders that those who signed Giles petitions must all be arrested, when Abby convincingly protests her innocence, and when the girls claim to be affected by witchcraft. Proctors dramatic revelation of his adultery with Abby looks at one point as if it may sway Danforth, but our hopes are dashed when Elizabeth denies he is a lecher, believing she is doing so in his best interests. When Mary is won over by Abby, we see that Abby has decisively triumphed. After the drama of the girls hysteria, we are left feeling deflated. To conclude, Miller uses a variety of tactics to create tension. He uses theatre techniques like dramatic irony to do so. The conflicting characters are also a major contributor. The scene is a battle between good and evil, and the constantly changing winning side makes us tense. There are moments where everything looks hopeful but then the evidence is turned around to go against what it proves.

Grammar Should be Secondary for Composition Teachers Essay -- informati

I have a knack for creating a series of run-on sentences and calling them an essay. I have a knack for beginning sentences with And or But. I also have a writing degree. I still have not mastered the use of the comma and somehow the Academy granted me that little piece of paper anyway. You, reader, may be wondering my point. My point is this: that despite my ill-formed paragraphs and run-on sentences I have existed and prospered within the formal writing environment. And so, I was elated to read Patrick Hartwell’s essay that contests that teaching grammar has a negligible effect on the development of a student writer (183). Clearly, there are different types of grammar, which Hartwell distinguishes in his essay. Borrowing from Francis’ â€Å"The Three Meanings of Grammar,† and his lengthy definition of grammar in three parts, Hartwell extends to the five categories of grammar. In dissecting grammar, Hartwell divides and conquers the argument that formal grammatical training is of great use to a developing writer. Instead, Hartwell sees grammar as a recognition tool, a way to keep the writer and reader on the same page. It is a tool of orientation rather than a prerequisite for â€Å"good writing.† Harvey Davis, an author I found by way of Hartwell’s end-notes, makes a great distinction between the necessity of grammar texts for educators and students. In his book, Famous Last Words: The American Language Crisis Reconsidered, Daniels recognizes that grammar books, â€Å"while they may be good for the publishing business, and may comfort anxious teachers, they are unlikely to help students much† (241). Books devoted to the teaching of grammar or the integration of grammar into writing programs simply create names for lessons and rules alread... ...n of all threads of thought, with a process of shaping afterwards. Grammar lay waiting for the guillotine in the arena of composition. The main concern of any composition teacher, as well as his students, should be the production of writing. Since the rules are so flexible and easily changed for matters of style, grammar should be an afterthought, rather than a pre-writing tool. To take writing time away from our students and force them to familiarize themselves with formal grammar does them a disservice. Bibliography Daniels, Harvey. Famous Last Words: The American Language Crisis Reconsidered. Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1983. Hartwell, Patrick. â€Å"Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. 183-212 Grammar Should be Secondary for Composition Teachers Essay -- informati I have a knack for creating a series of run-on sentences and calling them an essay. I have a knack for beginning sentences with And or But. I also have a writing degree. I still have not mastered the use of the comma and somehow the Academy granted me that little piece of paper anyway. You, reader, may be wondering my point. My point is this: that despite my ill-formed paragraphs and run-on sentences I have existed and prospered within the formal writing environment. And so, I was elated to read Patrick Hartwell’s essay that contests that teaching grammar has a negligible effect on the development of a student writer (183). Clearly, there are different types of grammar, which Hartwell distinguishes in his essay. Borrowing from Francis’ â€Å"The Three Meanings of Grammar,† and his lengthy definition of grammar in three parts, Hartwell extends to the five categories of grammar. In dissecting grammar, Hartwell divides and conquers the argument that formal grammatical training is of great use to a developing writer. Instead, Hartwell sees grammar as a recognition tool, a way to keep the writer and reader on the same page. It is a tool of orientation rather than a prerequisite for â€Å"good writing.† Harvey Davis, an author I found by way of Hartwell’s end-notes, makes a great distinction between the necessity of grammar texts for educators and students. In his book, Famous Last Words: The American Language Crisis Reconsidered, Daniels recognizes that grammar books, â€Å"while they may be good for the publishing business, and may comfort anxious teachers, they are unlikely to help students much† (241). Books devoted to the teaching of grammar or the integration of grammar into writing programs simply create names for lessons and rules alread... ...n of all threads of thought, with a process of shaping afterwards. Grammar lay waiting for the guillotine in the arena of composition. The main concern of any composition teacher, as well as his students, should be the production of writing. Since the rules are so flexible and easily changed for matters of style, grammar should be an afterthought, rather than a pre-writing tool. To take writing time away from our students and force them to familiarize themselves with formal grammar does them a disservice. Bibliography Daniels, Harvey. Famous Last Words: The American Language Crisis Reconsidered. Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1983. Hartwell, Patrick. â€Å"Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. 183-212